זָהָב

1. = gold-ore, gold in a raw state, 1 Mos 2,11; 1 Mos 2,12; Jer 10,9; Ord 17,3; Ord 27,21; Job 28,1 +; perhaps also 1 Kong 9,28; 1 Kong 10,11; 1 Kong 22,49 etc.; compare ׳עַפְרֹת ז Job 28,6 gold-dust; see also Zak 13,9 (simile of tried people ׳י) and compare Mal 3,3 likewise Job 23,10 (simile of Job's purity, as shewn by divine tests); מִצָּפוֺן זָהָב Job 37,22 is dubious

2. gold as wealth 1 Mos 13,2 (J; + מִקְנֶה, כֶּסֶף) 1 Mos 24,34 (J; + צאֹן, בָּקָר, כֶּסֶף, עֲבָדִם, שְׁפָחֹת, גְּמַלִּים, חֲמֹרִים) compare Hos 2,8; Es 2,7; 5 Mos 8,13; 5 Mos 17,17; Job 3,15; Job 31,24; Zak 14,14; Ezr 1,4; Ezr 1,6 +; in general, as precious: נִבְחָר שֵׁם מֵעשֶׁר רָ֑ב מִכֶּסֶף וּמִזָּהָב חֵן טוֺב Ord 22,1 to be chosen is a name more than great riches, and good favour more than silver and than gold; Job 28,17 (of wisdom) gold and glass do not equal it; Sl 19,10 (ordinances of ׳י) which are more to be desired than gold; compare Sl 119,72; Sl 119,127; also metaphor of princes and chief men of Zion Klg 4,1 (compare vKlg 4,2).

3. gold as spoil of war Jos 6,19 (+ כֶּסֶף, כְּלֵינְֿחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל) so vJos 6,24, compare Jos 7,21; Jos 7,24; Jos 22,8; 2 Kong 7,8 +.

4. gold as merchandise Ezk 27,22 (+ אֶבֶן יְקָרָה, ראֹשׁ כָּלבּֿשֶֹׁם), compare also gold from Ophir 1 Kong 9,28 etc. (see below 7 below)

5. gold as costly gift: to a prophet ׳מְלֹא בֵּיתוֺ כֶּסֶף וְז (hypothet.), 4 Mos 22,18; 4 Mos 24,13 (both E); brought by queen of Sheba to Solomon 1 Kong 10,2; 1 Kong 10,10 (both + אֶבֶן יְקָרָה and בְּשָׂמִים) = 2 Kron 9,1; 2 Kron 9,9 as tribute 2 Kong 23,35 (twice in verse) (compare v2 Kong 23,33 all + כֶּסֶף); as satisfaction for murder 2 Sam 21,4 (+ כֶּסֶף).

6. gold as material: of (nose- or ear-) ring, נֶזֶם 1 Mos 24,22; 2 Mos 32,2; 2 Mos 32,3; Dom 8,24; Dom 8,25; Ord 11,22; Ord 25,12; Job 42,11 of chain 1 Mos 41,42, shields 2 Sam 8,7, images of emerods 1 Sam 6,4; 1 Sam 6,17 and mice v1 Sam 6,4 v1 Sam 6,11 v1 Sam 6,18 בְּמַשְׂכִּיּוֺת כֶּסֶף ׳תַּפּוּחֵי ז Ord 25,11 ׳גֻּלַּת ז 2 Mos 12,6 ׳כְּלֵיזֿ 2 Mos 3,22; 2 Mos 11,2; 2 Mos 12,35; 1 Sam 6,8; Sl 105,37 etc.; כְּלֵיכֶֿסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב 1 Mos 24,53 as presents to a bride (+ בְּגָדִים); so of presents to secure king's favour 2 Sam 8,10 (+ כְּלֵי נְחשֶׁת), and in list of yearly gifts or tribute to Solomon 1 Kong 10,25 = 2 Kron 9,24 as material of idols אֱלֹהֵי ׳כֶסֶף וֵאלֹהֵי ז 2 Mos 20,23 compare 2 Mos 32,31; Hos 8,4; Es 2,20; Es 30,22; Es 31,7; 5 Mos 29,16; Sl 115,4; Sl 135,15 as plating of idols 5 Mos 7,25 especially as material of the furnishings of Solomon's temple, or (oftener) the platings of temple, or parts thereof, or of its furnishings 1 Kong 6,20; 1 Kong 6,21 (3 t. in verse); 1 Kong 6,22 (twice in verse); 1 Kong 6,28; 1 Kong 7,48 + 10 t. 1 Kong 6,7 also 2 Kron 3,5 (twice in verse); 2 Kron 3,6 + 14 t. 2 Kron 3,4 cf 1 Kron 28,14 (twice in verse) + 14 t. 1 Kron 28,29 (David's preparation for temple); see also 2 Kong 24,13 compare 2 Kong 14,14 = 2 Kron 25,24; 2 Kong 25,15 = Jer 52,19 (in accounts of plundering temple etc.); but more often still of furnishing and utensils of tabernacle, insignia of high-priest etc., 2 Mos 25,3; 2 Mos 25,11; 2 Mos 25,24 + 97 t. Ex 25-40, 3 Mos 8,9; 4 Mos 4,11; 4 Mos 8,4 (in case of large objects frequently of plating or sheathing, compare 12 c below) Note the expressions ליהוה ׳תְּנוּפַת ז 2 Mos 35,22 a wave-offering of gold, זְהַב הַתְּנוּפָה 2 Mos 38,24 also זְהַב הַתְּרוּמָה 4 Mos 31,52 (all P) compare Ezr 8,25, and (of offering to heathen god) יְכַבֵּד בְּזָהָב Dan 11,38.

7. gold described by its source, especially gold from Ophir (compare Glass: Skizze ii. 357 ff. 368) 1 Kong 9,28; 1 Kong 10,11; 1 Kong 22,49; 1 Kron 29,4; 2 Kron 8,18; 2 Kron 9,10 so perh Jer 10,9 (read אוֺפִיר for אוּפַז Ew Klo and others); זְהַב שְׁבָא Sl 72,15 on פַּרְוָ֑יִם ׳ז 2 Kron 3,6 see פרוים; compare further 1 Mos 2,11; 1 Mos 2,12.

8. gold defined by var. adjective and pts.: שָׁחוּט ׳ז beaten gold (see שָׁחַט) 1 Kong 10,16; 1 Kong 10,17 = 2 Kron 9,15 (twice in verse); 2 Kron 9,16 סָגוּר ׳ז 1 Kong 6,20; 1 Kong 6,21 also 1 Kong 7,49; 1 Kong 7,50; 1 Kong 10,21 = 2 Kron 4,20; 2 Kron 4,22; 2 Kron 9,21 (on meaning see סָגַר); especially (but only P & Chronicles) טָהוֺר ׳ז pure gold 2 Mos 25,11; 2 Mos 25,17; 2 Mos 25,24 + 21 t. 2 Mos 25,1–200. 28. 30. 37. 39 (of equipments of tabernacle and high priest's insignia), 1 Kron 28,17; 2 Kron 3,4; 2 Kron 9,17 compare טוֺב ׳ז 2 Kron 3,5; 2 Kron 3,8 on מוּפָז ׳ז 1 Kong 10,18, AV best gold, compare אוּפָז, פָּזַז.

9. ׳ז as measure of weight and value:
\ \ a. = gold-shekel, מִשְׁקָלָם ׳עֲשָׂרָה ז 1 Mos 24,22 ׳כַּף אַחַת עֲשָׂרָה ז 4 Mos 7,14 + 11 t. 4 Mos 7,1–200 אֶלֶף ׳וּשְׁבַעמֵֿאוֺת ז Dom 8,26, compare 1 Kong 10,16; 2 Kong 5,5; 2 Kron 9,15; 2 Kron 9,16 וָכָ֑סֶף ׳אַלְפֵי ז Sl 119,72 compare further Jos 7,21 but also (only Chronicles) שֶׁקֶל expressed: מִשְׁקַל ׳שִׁקְלֵי ז שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֺת 1 Kron 21,25 (50 shekels of silver in || 2 Sam 24,24); ׳וּמִשְׁקָל לְמִסְמְרוֺת לִשְׁקָלִים חֲמִשִּׁים ז 2 Kron 3,9.
\ \ b. ׳שְׁלשֶׁת מָנִים ז 1 Kong 10,17 three minas of gold (see מָנֶה).
\ \ c. ׳כִּכַּר ז talent of gold 2 Sam 12,30; 1 Kong 9,14 + (see כִּכָּר).
\ \ d. זָהָב דַּרְכְּמוֺנִים שֵׁשׁרִֿבּאֹוֺת וָאֶלֶף Ezr 2,69 compare Neh 7,69; Neh 7,70; Neh 7,71 also עֶשְׂרִים לַאֲדַרְכֹּנִים אָ֑לָף ׳וּכְפֹרֵי ז Ezr 8,27 (see דַּרְכְּמוֺן); — with the above should perhaps be compared מִכִּיס ׳הַזָּלִים ז Es 46,6 i.e. the gold used in making the god was the coin carried in the bag.

10. ׳ז = golden oil, from colour, Zak 4,12.

11. ׳ז often named with כֶּסֶף, and then, in earlier and sometimes in later writings, follows it: בַּכֶּסֶף וּבַזָּהָב 1 Mos 13,2 (J), compare 1 Mos 24,35; 1 Mos 24,53; 1 Mos 44,8 (all J) 2 Mos 3,22; 2 Mos 11,2; 2 Mos 12,35; 4 Mos 22,18; 4 Mos 24,13 (all E), Jos 6,19; Jos 6,24 (JE), 5 Mos 7,25; 5 Mos 17,17; 5 Mos 29,16; 2 Sam 8,11; 2 Sam 21,4; 1 Kong 7,51; 1 Kong 15,15; 1 Kong 15,18; 1 Kong 15,19; 2 Kong 7,8; 2 Kong 16,8; 2 Kong 18,14; 2 Kong 20,13; 2 Kong 23,33; 2 Kong 23,35 (twice in verse); Hos 2,10; Hos 8,4; Hos 60,9; Hos 38,13; Joel 4,5, Ord 22,1; Sl 105,37; Sl 115,4; Sl 135,15; 2 Kron 1,15; 2 Kron 5,1; Ezr 1,4; Ezr 8,25; Dan 11,8; Praed 2,8 +; in later writings ׳ז often precedes Ezk 28,4; Zak 14,14; Mal 3,3; 1 Kron 18,10; 1 Kron 22,14; 1 Kron 22,16; 1 Kron 28,15; 1 Kron 28,16; 1 Kron 29,3; 1 Kron 29,4; 1 Kron 29,5; 1 Kron 29,7; 2 Kron 9,14; 2 Kron 9,21; 2 Kron 24,14; 2 Kron 25,24; Ezr 1,11; Sl 119,72; Hoj 1,11; Dan 11,38 +, and so in P, 2 Mos 25,3; 2 Mos 31,4; 2 Mos 35,5; 2 Mos 35,32; 4 Mos 31,32 yet also as early as Hab 2,19; 1 Kong 10,22; 2 Kong 25,15.

12. the chief verbs used with ׳ז are:
\ \ a. עָשָׂה make of (c. 2 accusative) 1 Kong 7,48 (compare v1 Kong 7,49 v1 Kong 7,49 v1 Kong 7,50 v1 Kong 7,50) 1 Kong 10,16; 1 Kong 12,28; 1 Kong 14,26; 2 Kron 4,7; 2 Kron 4,8; 2 Kron 4,19; 2 Kron 12,9; 2 Kron 13,8, and especially in P (tabernacle) 2 Mos 25,11; 2 Mos 25,17; 2 Mos 25,18 + 35 t. Ex 25-39; also followed by בְּ work in gold, וּבַכֶּסֶף וּבַנְּחשֶׁת ׳לַעֲשׂוֺת בַּזּ 2 Mos 31,4; 2 Mos 35,32, also (+ בַּבַּרְזֶל, etc.), 2 Kron 2,6; 2 Kron 2,13
\ \ b. יָצַק (object ׳טַבְּעֹת ז) 2 Mos 25,12; 2 Mos 37,3; 2 Mos 37,13 (all P);
\ \ c. צִפָּה overlay with (c. 2 accusative) 1 Kong 6,20; 1 Kong 6,21 (twice in verse); 1 Kong 6,22; 1 Kong 6,28; 1 Kong 6,30; 1 Kong 6,32; 1 Kong 6,35 (1 Kong 6,32 v1 Kong 6,35 one accusative omitted), 1 Kong 10,18; 2 Kron 3,4; 2 Kron 3,10; 2 Kron 9,17, and especially P (tabernacle) 2 Mos 25,11; 2 Mos 25,13; 2 Mos 25,24; 2 Mos 25,28 + 15 t. Ex 26-37; in same sense
\ \ d. ׳וַיְחַפֵּהוּ ז 2 Kron 3,5 compare v2 Kron 3,7 v2 Kron 3,8 v2 Kron 3,9, and
\ \ e. וָכֶסֶף ׳תָּפוּשׂ ז Hab 2,19 encased in gold and silver; also feminine יְרַקְּעֶנּוּ ׳בַּזּ Es 40,19
\ \ g. רדד Hiph`il, ׳וַיָּ֫רֶב עַלהַֿכְּרוּבִים וְעַלהַֿתִּמֹּרוֺת אֶתהַֿזּ 1 Kong 6,32 and he spread upon the cherubim and upon the palm-trees the gold; further
\ \ h. בָּחַן try, Zak 13,9 compare
\ \ i. זִקַּק Mal 3,3. — On דִּי זָהָב, proper name; on מֵי זָהָב proper name see below מַיִם.