πνεῦμα

πνεῦμα, -τος, τό,

[in LXX chiefly and very frequently for רוּחַ ;]

1. of air in motion;

(a) wind: Joh 3,8 pl., Hebr 1,7 (LXX);

(b) breath: π. ζωῆς, Åb 11,11 π. τοῦ στόματος, figuratively, 2 Thess 2,8 (cf. Ps 32 (33)6).

2. Of the vital principle, the spirit (Arist., Polyb., al.): Luk 8,55, Joh 19,30, ApG 7,59, al.; opposite to σάρξ, Matt 26,41, Mark 14,38, 1 Kor 5,5, al.; to σῶμα, Rom 8,10, 1 Kor 6,17; 7,34, 1 Pet 4,6; to ψυχή, Fil 1,27, Hebr 4,12; τὸ π. καὶ ἡ ψ. καὶ τ. σῶμα, 1 Thess 5,23 (M, Th., in l.); dative, τῷ π., in spirit, Mark 2,8; 8,12, Joh 11,33; 13,21, ApG 18,25, Rom 12,11, 1 Kor 7,34, 1 Pet 3,18, al.; of the human spirit of Christ, Rom 1,4, 1 Tim 3,16.

3. spirit, i.e. frame of mind, disposition, influence: Luk 1,17, Rom 8,15, 1 Kor 4,21, Gal 6,1, Ef 2,2, 2 Tim 1,7, 1 Joh 4,6, al.

4. An incorporeal being, a spirit: Luk 24,37, 39 ApG 23,8; π. ὁ θεός, God is spirit, Joh 4,24 πατὴρ τῶν π., Hebr 12,9 of disembodied human beings, Hebr 12,23, 1 Pet 3,19 (ICC, in l.; DB, iii, 795); of angels. Hebr 1,14 of demons or evil spirits, Matt 8,16, Mark 9,20, Luk 9,39, al.; π. πύθυωνα, ApG 16,16 πνεύματα δαιμονίων, Åb 16,14 π. δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου, Luk 4,33 π. ἀσθενείας (Bl., §35, 5), Luk 13,11 π. ἀκάθαρτον, Matt 10,1, Mark 1,23, Luk 4,36, ApG 5,16; π. ἄλαλον (καὶ κωφόν), Mark 9,17, 25; πονηρόν, Luk 7,21, ApG 19,12, al.

5. Of the Holy Spirit, π. ἅγιον, τὸ ἅ. π., τὸ π. τὸ ἅ. τὸ π., π. (the article as a rule being used when the Spirit is regarded as a Person or a Divine Power, and omitted when the reference is to an operation, influence or gift of the Spirit; see WM, 151:5; Bl., §46, 7): anarth., Matt 1,18; 3,11, 16 4:1, Mark 1,8 (Swete, in l.), ib.10, Luk 1,15, Joh 7,39, ApG 19,2, Rom 5,5, 1 Kor 2,4, al.; with art., Matt 4,1; 12,31, 32 Mark 1,10; 3,29, Luk 2,26, Joh 7,36; 14,26, ApG 4,31; 5,3, Rom 8,16, al.; (τὸ) π. (τοῦ) θεοῦ, Matt 3,16, Rom 8,9, Ef 3,16, 1 Joh 4,2, al.; τὸ π. τ. πατρός, Matt 10,20 π. θεοῦ ζῶντος, 2 Kor 3,3 (τὸ) π. τοῦ κυρίου, Luk 4,18, ApG 5,9; 8,39; τὸ π. Ἰησοῦ, ApG 16,7 Χριστοῦ, Rom 8,9 Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Fil 1,19 τὸ π. τ. ἀληθείας, Joh 15,26; 16,13, 1 Joh 4,6 λείγει (μαρτυρεῖ) τὸ π. (τὸ ἅγιον), ApG 21,11; 28,25, 1 Tim 4,1, Hebr 3,7; 10,15, Åb 14,13; before τ. ἐκκλησίαις, Åb 2,7, 11 17, 29, 3:6, 12, 22; ἐν τ. π., Luk 2,27 κατὰ πνεῦμα, Rom 8,4, 5; ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ π., Joh 3,5, διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου, Hebr 9,14 ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος, 2 Thess 2,13, 1 Pet 1,2; ἓν π., 1 Kor 12,13, Ef 2,18; 4,4; ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ π. ἐστιν, 2 Kor 3,17 of that which is effected or governed by the Spirit, opposite to γράμμα, Rom 2,29; 7,6, 2 Kor 3,6.

SYN.: νοῦς, which in NT is contrasted with π. as "the action of the understanding in man with that of the spiritual or ecstatic impulse" (DB, iv, 612); ψυχή — the usual term in cl. psychology—in NT, "expresses man as apart from God, a separate individual, π. expresses man as drawing his life from God" (DB, 1-vol., 872).