יְהֹוִה

Yᵉhôvih Strong H3069

Engelsk God

Brown-Driver-Briggs

יהוה_{c. 6823} i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (

1. ᵑ0 יְהוָֺה^C518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה₃₀₅ (Qr אֱלֹהִים), in the combinations אדני יהוה & יהוה אדני (see אֲדֹנֶי), and with preposition בַּיהוָֺה, לַיהוָֺה, מֵיהוָֺה (Qr בַּאדֹנָי, לַאדֹנָי, מֵאדֹנָי), do not give the original form. ᵐ5 and other Vrss follow the Qr. On the basis of 2 Mos 20,7; 3 Mos 24,11 יהוה was regarded as a nomen ineffabile (see Philo^{de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529}), called by the Jews הַשֵּׁם and by the Samaritans שׁימא. The pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare Bö^{§ 88}). The traditional Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the יָֿהוּ, יְהוֺֿ of compound proper name and the contracted form יָהּ all favour יַהְוֶךְ (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Sl 74,6 תַּהֲרוּ Es 33,11), see Lag^{Sym i.14} Baud^{Studien i.179 ff.}; Dr^{Stud.Bib.i.1 ff.} For Jeve see Sta^{ZAW 1881, 346} De^{ib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii.}

2. on literature of interpretations see Nes^Eg.67 Dr^{l.c. — Many recent scholars explain} יַהְוֶה as Hiph`il of היה (=היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare חַוָּה 1 Mos 3,20) Schr HSch; giver of existence, creator, Kue Tiele; he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),performer of his promises, Lag, Nes^Eg.88 (but Nes^{Eg.91 inclines to Qal as} RS^{Brit. & For. Ev. Rev} see below); or from היה he who causes to fall, rain or lightning RS^{OTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245}, compare We^{Skizzen iii.175}; 'Fäller,' destroying foes, Sta^G.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of הוה (= היה); the one who is: i.e. the absolute and unchangeable one, Ri; the existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable, Di; or the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption, De Oehl; compare also RS^{Brit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876}, he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare Ew^infr), he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Dr^l.c.17)).

**Theories of non-Hebrew or non-Semitic origin, opposed (in their older forms) by Bau^{Rel. i. 181 ff. (see especially 230)}; Dl^{Pa 162 ff.} claimed Babylonian origin for יהו, against this Kue^{national Religions, etc., Note iv (Eng. Trans. 329 ff.)} Jastr^{JBL xiil {1894}, 103 f.} compare Hpt^{BAS i. 170 N}; Dl^{Babel u. Bibel, 46 f., 73 f.} makes same claim for יהוה, against this see especially Hirsch^{ZAW xxiil {1903}, 355 ff.} Zim^{KATS. 465 ff.}; Spiegelb^{ZMG:liii {1899}, 633 ff.} proposes (improbable) Egyptian etymology for יהוה; further discussions see in Kö^{EB NAMES, § 112 and n.3}. 'Jehovah' found in Jacob (? Johannes) Wessel († 1480), according to Schw^{ThLZ, 1905, col. 612}.

I. יהוה is not used by E in Genesis, but is given 2 Mos 3,12–15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : אֶהְיֶה עִמָּ֑ךְ I shall be with thee (2 Mos 3,12), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I shall be the one who will be it v2 Mos 3,14a (i.e: with thee v2 Mos 3,12) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה v2 Mos 3,14b (i.e. with thee v2 Mos 3,12), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה He who will be it v2 Mos 3,15 (i.e. with thee v2 Mos 3,12). compare Ew^{BTh ii. 337, 338} RS^{l.c., Proph. 385 ff.} Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc Lag^{Psalt.Hieron.156}); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר = כִּי; AE JDMich We^JD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה sparingly by the side of אלהים and האלהים in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses 2 Mos 6,3 but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that אֵל שַׁדַּי was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, 1 Mos 21,83 by אל עולם, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De 1 Mos 21,33. Elsewhere יהוה is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים and אדני. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and Job 12,9 (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים and האלהים. Daniel uses יהוה only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI¹⁸. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT 1 Mos 2,4b Dl^{Pa 158 ff.} Dr^{Stud. Bib. i. 7 ff}.

II. 1. יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D;
\ \ a. with אֱלֹהֶיךָ in the Ten Words 2 Mos 20,2–12 (5 t.) = 5 Mos 5,6–16 in the law of worship of J E, 2 Mos 23,19; 2 Mos 34,24; 2 Mos 34,26 in D 234 t.; Jos 1,9; Jos 1,17; Jos 9,9; Jos 9,24 (D²); elsewhere 1 Mos 27,20; 2 Mos 15,26 (JE), Dom 6,26 Samuel & Kings 20 t.; 1 Kron 11,2; 1 Kron 22,11; 1 Kron 22,12; 2 Kron 9,8 (twice in verse); 2 Kron 16,7; Es 7,11; Es 37,4 (twice in verse); Es 41,13; Es 43,3; Es 51,15; Es 55,5; Jer 40,2 + (3t.); Hos 12,10; Hos 13,4; Hos 14,2; Amos 9,15; Sl 81,11.
\ \ b. with אֱלֹהֵיכֶם in D 46 t.; D² 28 t.; H 15 t.; P 15 t.; elsewhere 2 Mos 23,25 (E); 2 Mos 8,24; 2 Mos 10,8; 2 Mos 10,16; 2 Mos 10,17 (JE); Dom 6,10; 1 Sam 12,12; 1 Sam 12,14; 2 Kong 17,39; 2 Kong 23,21; 1 Kron 22,18 + (10 t. Chronicles) Sl 76,12; Jer 13,16 + (5 t.) Ezk 20,5; Ezk 20,7; Ezk 20,19; Ezk 20,20; Joel 2,13 + (6 t.) Zak 6,15.
\ \ c. with אֱלֹהֵינוּ in D 23 t.; in D² 5 t.; 2 Mos 8,6 (JE) 2 Mos 3,18; 2 Mos 5,3; 2 Mos 8,22; 2 Mos 8,23; 2 Mos 10,25; 2 Mos 10,26 (E) Dom 11,24; 1 Sam 7,8; 1 Kong 8,57; 1 Kong 8,59; 1 Kong 8,61; 1 Kong 8,65; 2 Kong 18,22; 2 Kong 19,10 = Es 36,7; Es 37,20; 1 Kron 13,2 + (15 t. Chronicles) Mik 4,5; Mik 7,17; Es 26,13; Jer 3,22 + (17 t.) Sl 20,8; Sl 90,17 (?;Baer אֲדנָֹי); Sl 94,23; Sl 99,5; Sl 99,8; Sl 99,9 (twice in verse); Sl 105,7; Sl 106,47; Sl 113,5; Sl 122,9; Sl 123,2; Dan 9,10; Dan 9,13; Dan 9,14.
\ \ d. with אֱלֹהֵיהֶם 2 Mos 10,7 (J) 2 Mos 29,46 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 26,44 (P) Dom 3,7; Dom 8,34; 1 Sam 12,9; 1 Kong 9,9; 2 Kong 17,7; 2 Kong 17,9; 2 Kong 17,14; 2 Kong 17,16; 2 Kong 17,19; 2 Kong 18,12; 2 Kron 31,6; 2 Kron 33,17; 2 Kron 34,33; Neh 9,3 (twice in verse); Neh 9,4; Jer 3,21; Jer 22,9; Jer 30,9; Jer 43,1 (twice in verse); Jer 50,4; Ezk 28,26; Ezk 34,30; Ezk 39,22; Ezk 39,28; Hos 1,7; Hos 3,5; Hos 7,10; Sef 2,7; Hag 1,12 (twice in verse); Zak 9,16; Zak 10,6.
\ \ e. with אֱלֹהָיו 4 Mos 23,21 (E) 2 Mos 32,11 (J) 3 Mos 4,22 (P) 5 Mos 17,19; 5 Mos 18,7; 1 Sam 30,6; 1 Kong 5,17; 1 Kong 11,4; 1 Kong 15,3; 1 Kong 15,4; 1 Kong 2,11; 1 Kong 16,2; 1 Kong 2,1 + 13 t. Chronicles; Mik 5,3; Jer 7,28; Sl 33,12; Sl 144,15; Sl 146,5; Jon 2,2. feminine with אֱלֹהַי 4 Mos 22,18 (JE) 5 Mos 4,5; 5 Mos 18,16; 5 Mos 26,14; Jos 14,8; Jos 14,9; 2 Sam 24,24; 1 Kong 3,7; 1 Kong 5,18; 1 Kong 5,19; 1 Kong 8,28; 1 Kong 17,20; 1 Kong 17,21; 1 Kron 21,17; 1 Kron 22,7; 2 Kron 2,3; 2 Kron 6,19; 2 Kron 9,5; Sl 7,2; Sl 7,4; Sl 13,4; Sl 18,29; Sl 30,3; Sl 30,13; Sl 35,24; Sl 40,6; Sl 104,1; Sl 109,26; Es 25,1; Jer 31,18; Dan 9,4; Dan 9,20; Jon 2,7; Hab 1,12; Zak 11,4; Zak 13,9; Zak 14,5.
\ \ g. with אֱלֹהַיִךְ Es 60,9; Jer 2,17; Jer 2,19; Jer 3,13; Mik 7,10; Sef 3,17.
\ \ h. with אלהים, probably always due to later editors, or to a Qr which has crept into the text 1 Mos 2,4b — 1 Mos 3,23 (J, 20 t. either אלהים inserted by R^P as Di De; or יהוה inserted by J in an older source); 2 Mos 9,30 (J, but not in ᵐ5 ⅏; Samaritan אדני יהוה; possibly ᵑ0 from earlier Qr, & ⅏ from later Qr); 2 Sam 7,22; 2 Sam 7,25 (ᵐ5 אדני יהוה and 1 Kron 17,20–23 only יהוה); 1 Kron 17,16; 1 Kron 17,17 (but 2 Sam 7,18; 2 Sam 7,19 אדני יהוה) 1 Kron 28,20; 1 Kron 29,1; 2 Kron 1,9; 2 Kron 6,41 (twice in verse); 2 Kron 6,42; 2 Kron 26,18 (but in the original Sl 132,8 stood יהוה (so ℌ), or else no divine name); Sl 72,18 (the late doxology) Sl 84,12 (but it makes the line too long); Jon 4,6. For the combinations with other divine names see those names.

2. the phrase אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy: —
\ \ a. after אמר either alone 2 Mos 6,2; 2 Mos 6,29 (P) or before relative and other clauses: 1 Mos 28,13 (J) 1 Mos 15,7 (R) 2 Mos 6,6 (P) with אלהיכם Dom 6,10; Ezk 20,5.
\ \ b. after ידע כי (α) 2 Mos 7,17; 2 Mos 8,18; 2 Mos 10,2 (J); 2 Mos 7,5; 2 Mos 14,4; 2 Mos 14,18 (P); 1 Kong 20,13; 1 Kong 20,28; Jer 24,7; Ezk 6,7 + 48 t. Ezekiel; (β) with אלהיכם 2 Mos 6,7; 2 Mos 16,12; 5 Mos 29,5 (P) 2 Mos 20,20; Joel 4,17 (γ) with אלהיהם 2 Mos 29,46 (P) Ezk 28,26; Ezk 34,30; Ezk 39,22; Ezk 39,28 (δ) before relative and other clauses Es 45,3; Es 49,23; Es 49,26; Es 60,16; Ezk 7,9; Ezk 17,24; Ezk 21,10; Ezk 22,22; Ezk 35,12; Ezk 36,36 (ε) with various forms of קדשׁ 2 Mos 31,13 (P) Ezk 20,12; Ezk 37,28; Ezk 39,7 (ζ) with דברתי Ezk 5,13; Ezk 17,21, compare ׳יֵדְעוּ אשׁר אני י Ezk 20,26.
\ \ c. after כִּי in various combinations 3 Mos 11,44; 3 Mos 11,45; 4 Mos 35,34 (P), 3 Mos 20,7; 3 Mos 20,26; 3 Mos 21,8; 3 Mos 21,15; 3 Mos 21,23; 3 Mos 22,16; 3 Mos 24,22; 3 Mos 25,17; 3 Mos 26,1; 3 Mos 26,44 (all H); 2 Mos 15,26 (R) Es 41,13; Es 43,3; Es 61,8; Jer 9,23; Ezk 12,25; Ezk 21,4; Zak 10,6; Mal 3,6.
\ \ d. emphatic 2 Mos 6,8; 2 Mos 12,12; 3 Mos 26,2; 3 Mos 26,45; 4 Mos 3,13; 4 Mos 3,41; 4 Mos 3,45 (all P); 3 Mos 18,5; 3 Mos 18,6; 3 Mos 18,21; 3 Mos 19,12; 3 Mos 19,14; 3 Mos 19,16; 3 Mos 19,18; 3 Mos 19,28; 3 Mos 19,30; 3 Mos 19,32; 3 Mos 19,37; 3 Mos 21,12; 3 Mos 22,2; 3 Mos 22,3; 3 Mos 22,8; 3 Mos 22,30; 3 Mos 22,31; 3 Mos 22,33 (all H) Es 43,15 with אלהיהם 2 Mos 29,46 with אלהיךָ Es 48,17 with אלהיכם 3 Mos 23,43; 3 Mos 25,38; 3 Mos 25,55; 4 Mos 10,10; 4 Mos 15,41 (twice in verse) (P) 3 Mos 18,2; 3 Mos 18,4; 3 Mos 18,30; 3 Mos 19,2; 3 Mos 19,3; 3 Mos 19,4; 3 Mos 19,10; 3 Mos 19,25; 3 Mos 19,31; 3 Mos 19,34; 3 Mos 19,36; 3 Mos 20,24; 3 Mos 23,22; 3 Mos 26,13 (all H) Ezk 20,7; Ezk 20,19; Joel 2,27 with מְקַדֵּשׁ 3 Mos 20,8; 3 Mos 22,9; 3 Mos 22,32 (H), with דברתי 4 Mos 14,35 (P) Ezk 5,15 + (11 t. Ezekiel); with clauses Es 27,3; Es 41,4; Es 41,17; Es 42,6; Es 42,8; Es 45,5; Es 45,6; Es 45,7; Es 45,8; Es 45,18; Es 45,19; Es 45,21; Es 60,22; Jer 17,10; Jer 32,27; Ezk 14,4; Ezk 14,7; Ezk 14,9; Ezk 34,24 אָנֹכִי יהוה is used in the Ten Words 2 Mos 20,2; 2 Mos 20,5 = 5 Mos 5,6; 5 Mos 5,9 cited Sl 81,11; Hos 12,10; Hos 13,4 elsewhere only 2 Mos 4,11 (J) Es 43,11; Es 44,24; Es 51,15.

3. יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh יהוה יראה 1 Mos 22,14 (J); יהוה נסי 2 Mos 17,15 (E) יהוה שׁלים Dom 6,24 יהוה צדקנו Jer 33,16 (compare Jer 23,6 where it is applied to the Messiah); יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה Ezk 48,35. — On combinations such as ׳הַר י, צְבָאוֺת ׳י etc., see הַר, צָבָא, etc.

Note. — Bonk^{ZAW 1891, 126 ff.} seems to shew that as prefix, in compare proper name, יְהוֺ is the oldest and the latest form and that יוֺ is intermediate, belonging to the earlier post-exilic period until the time of Chronicles; occasional copyists' mistakes being taken into the account.

Flere artikler i BDB med samme Strong-nummer

יהוה BDB3483

יהוה proper name, of deity, see below הוה.

Kilder: F. Brown, S.R. Driver og C.A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain, i Eliran Wongs udgave (marvel.bible) med tekst fra Tim Morton (Bible Analyzer) og bibelhenvisninger ved Stephen Ku. Forekomster og ordklasser: BHSA (ETCBC). Lemma og translitteration: Strong's hebraiske ordliste.