פָּנִים

I. 1. face, faces (Jer 30,6; Ezk 27,35 +, compare Ezk 1,6; Ezk 10,14; Ezk 10,21 etc.):
\ \ a. literally, of man 1 Mos 43,31; 2 Sam 19,5; 1 Kong 19,13; 3 Mos 13,14; Dan 8,18; Dan 10,9; Dan 10,15 +; ׳עוֺר פ 2 Mos 35,29; 2 Mos 35,30; 2 Mos 35,35 pale (from alarm) Es 29,22; Jer 30,6, flushed Es 13,8; Ezk 21,3, compare Nah 2,11; Joel 2,6 tearful Es 25,8; Job 16,16 sad, רעים ׳פ 1 Mos 40,7, compare Neh 2,2; Neh 2,3, also ׳רֹעַ פ Praed 7,8 i.e. sadness; ׳יֵּיטִב פ Ord 15,13 maketh glad the face; נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ, 1 Mos 4,5; 1 Mos 4,6 why is the face fallen (in displeasure), compare 1 Sam 1,18 (reading נָָֽפְלָה, נָָֽפְ לוּ, or הִפִּילָה); covered with shame Ezk 7,18, whence figurative of confusion, discomfiture Jer 51,51; Sl 69,8; Sl 83,17, etc.
\ \ b. of ׳י 2 Mos 33,20, compare v2 Mos 33,23.
\ \ c. פָּנִים אֶלפָּֿנִים face to face, of seeing (God) 1 Mos 32,31, compare Dom 6,22, knowing 5 Mos 34,10, judging Ezk 20,35, speaking 2 Mos 33,11, and so ׳בְּפ ׳פ 5 Mos 5,4 נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים 2 Kong 14,8 see each other (in the) face = meet each other in battle, compare v2 Kong 14,11 = 2 Kron 25,17; 2 Kron 25,21.
\ \ d. of relations with ׳׃י ׳הֵרִים פ Ezr 9,6, in worship (see also נשׂא); in spiritual sense Jer 2,27; Jer 32,33 (פָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים); ׳לִדְרוֺשׁ י ׳נָתַן פ 2 Kron 20,3 ׳נָתַן אֶתפֿ אֶלאֲֿדֹנָי Dan 9,3 הַבָּנִים קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezk 2,4.
\ \ e. of ׳י himself, לֹא יָסִיר פָּנִיםִ מִכֶּם 2 Kron 30,9 בְּעֹשֵׂי ׳פְּנֵי י רָ֑ע Sl 34,17 גַּעֲרַת פָּנֶיךָ Sl 80,17. — See further below

7. 2. a. = presence, person, of ׳י 2 Mos 33,14; 2 Mos 33,15, בְּפָנָיו 5 Mos 4,37, מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו Es 63,9 לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים, see לֶחֶם; of ׳י's angry presence Klg 4,16; Sl 21,10 of Absalom 2 Sam 17,11 in weakened sense, nearly = suffix (compare נפשׁ 4 a), Ord 7,15.
\ \ b. with ראה technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence: before a man 1 Mos 32,21 (+ 3 other uses of ׳פ), (God, with יראה pointed as Niph`al, see II 2); especially as privilege, = have access to, man of rank 1 Mos 43,3; 1 Mos 43,5; 1 Mos 44,23; 1 Mos 44,26, king 2 Mos 10,28 (twice in verse) compare v2 Mos 10,29 (all J), 2 Sam 14,24 (twice in verse); 2 Sam 14,28; 2 Sam 14,32 compare 2 Sam 3,13 (twice in verse); רֹאֵי פְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ 2 Kong 25,19 = Jer 52,25; Est 1,14 implying favour of person seen, man 1 Mos 33,10 (J), God v1 Mos 33,10, compare Job 33,26 (Hiph`il), and, with חזה, Sl 11,7; Sl 17,15.

3. face of seraphim Es 6,2, cherubim 2 Mos 25,20 (twice in verse) = 2 Mos 37,9 (twice in verse), Ezk 1,8; Ezk 1,11; 2 Kron 3,13 +.

4. face of animals, פְּנֵי הַצּאֹן 1 Mos 30,40 ׳אַרְיֵה וּפ ׳פ נֶשֶׁר ׳שׁוֺר ופ Ezk 1,10 (in descr. of cherubim), compare Ezk 10,14 אַרְיֵה ׳פ also 1 Kron 12,8 (figurative), כְֿפִיר׳פ Ezk 41,19 ׳פִּתְחֵי פ Job 41,6 of crocodile.

5. face (= surface) of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) 1 Mos 2,6; 1 Mos 4,14; 1 Mos 7,4; Sl 104,30 +, so הָאָרֶץ ׳פ 1 Mos 1,29; 1 Mos 7,3; 1 Mos 8,9; 1 Mos 11,4; 1 Mos 11,8; 1 Mos 11,9; 1 Mos 19,28; Es 24,1, תֵבֵל ׳פ Es 14,21; Es 27,6 of a field Ord 24,31 תְהוֺם ׳פ 1 Mos 1,2 (twice in verse); Job 38,30, הַמַּיִם ׳פ 1 Mos 7,18 רְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמַיִם׳פ 1 Mos 1,20 כִֿסֵּה׳פ Job 26,9 i.e. of God's throne (but Bu reads כֶּסֶה fullmoon); הַלּוֺט ׳פ Job 25,7 see [ לוּט; לְבוּשׁוֺ ׳פ Job 41,5 the expanse of his [the crocodile's] coat; front (especially Ezek.), of house Ezk 41,14; Ezk 47,1, הַקֹּדֶשׁ ׳פ Ezk 41,21 of gate Ezk 40,6; Ezk 40,20; Ezk 40,22; Ezk 42,15; Ezk 43,4 of chamber Ezk 40,44 (twice in verse); Ezk 40,45; Ezk 40,46 of pot (סִיר) Jer 1,13 הַמִּלְחָמָה ׳פ 2 Sam 10,9 battle-front = 1 Kron 19,10 (verb agrees with ׳הַמּ in gender, Ges^{«GKC:146a»§ 146a}); = van of locust-army Joel 2,20 (opposed to סֹפוֺ); front, i.e. edge, of sword Ezk 21,21, of axe Praed 10,10 = condition, state of a thing, as denoted by its appearance; of flock Ord 27,23 הַדָּבָר ׳פ 2 Sam 14,20 the appearance (situation, attitude) of the affair.

6. as adverb of location מִפָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר 2 Sam 10,9 before and behind = ׳וְֿ ׳פ 1 Kron 19,10, also Ezk 2,10; 2 Kron 13,14 פְּנֵי toward Hoj 7,5, also in front (to the East?) of 2 Kron 20,16 (see לִפְנֵי d below); לְפָנִים forward Jer 7,24 (opposed to לְאחוֺר); מִלִּפְנִים 1 Kong 6,29 see פְּנִימָה; adverb temporal לְפָנִים formerly 5 Mos 2,12; 5 Mos 2,20; Jos 11,10; Dom 1,10; Dom 1,11; Dom 1,13 + 12 t.; מִלְּפָנִים Es 41,26 from beforetime (|| מֵראֹשׁ).

7. for other phrases see: אוֺר verb Hiph`il 5; אוֺר n. 10; בּוֺשׁ Hiph`il; בקשׁ Pi`el 3; בּשֶׁת 1; [הַכָּרָה]; הָדַר 2; זָעַם Niph`al; זָעַף 1; הָבַשׁ 1 a; I. חָרָה I חָוַר; חָזַק Pi`el 5; II. חלה; IV. חמר; חָפָה; טָחַן; יָעַד Hoph`al; יְשׁוּעָה 3; כּוּן Hiph`il 3; כִּפֶּר 1; כָּסָה Pi`el 1, 2; מָאוֺר; מְגַמָּה p. 169; I. מוּל; מַשּׂא; [נָבַט] Hiph`il 3; נֶגֶד 1, 2 c; נֹכַח; נָכַר Hiph`il; נָפַל 3 b, and Hiph`il 5; נָשָׂא 1 b (3); נָתַן 2 b; סָבַב Hiph`il 1 a; סָתַר Hiph`il 2; I. עֵבֶר 2; עַז, עָזַז Hiph`il; עָמַד Hiph`il 6 a; II. עֻמָּה; [צָרַב]; [קָדַם] Pi`el; שִׂים; שׁוּב Hiph`il; שִׁית; II.שָׁנָה Pi`el; תֹּפֶת. II. פְּנֵי with prepositions: —

1. אֶלפְּֿנֵי:
\ \ a. to the presence of, 2 Mos 23,17 pregnantly יֵרָאֶה ֗֗֗ אֶלפְּֿנֵי הָאָדוֺן shall appear (coming) to the presence of (= before) ׳י (|| 2 Mos 34,23 ׳אֶתפְּֿנֵי הָא); with יָצָא = to confront 2 Kron 19,2.

2. אֶתפְּֿנֵי close by (II. אֵת) the face or front of: hence
\ \ a. the presence of, 1 Sam 2,11 עֵלִי ׳אֶתפֿ 1 Kong 12,6 who stood שְׁלֹמֹה ׳אֶתפֿ (compare לִפְנֵי 1 Kong 10,8), Est 1,10; Ord 17,24 pregnantly (nisi וַיַּנִּחֵם leg., ᵑ6 ᵑ7 We Dr and others) 1 Sam 22,4. Specifically ׳אֶתפְּֿנֵי י 1 Mos 19,13 (1 Sam 2,17), v1 Sam 2,27; 1 Sam 2,18 and with נִרְאָה of the appearance of all males at the three annual חַגִּים, 2 Mos 34,23 הָאָדֹן ׳יֵרָאֶה כָּלזְֿכוּרְךָ אֶתפֿ, v2 Mos 34,24; 5 Mos 16,16 (compare Dr), 5 Mos 31,11; 1 Sam 1,22 (|| ׳י ׳אלפֿ 2 Mos 23,17); so פָּנַי alone 2 Mos 23,15 = 2 Mos 34,20 (לֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָם), Es 1,22, פָנֶיךָ Sl 42,3 (according to many, Ges^Thes Di^{2 Mos 23,15} Che^{Es 1,12, critical note}, the verb in all these passages was originally Qal, afterwards pointed as Niph`al to avoid the expression see the face of ׳י); אֶתפָּֿנֶיךָ in thy presence Sl 16,10; Sl 21,7; Sl 140,14.
\ \ b. in front of, 1 Mos 33,18. הָעִיר ׳וַיִּחַן אֶתפֿ, 3 Mos 4,6 פָרֹכֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ ׳אֶתפֿ ׳לִפְנֵי י v3 Mos 4,17. — מֵאֵת פְּנֵי from before, see II. אֵת

4 a. 3. בִּפְנֵי: (a) in the face of, mostly in particular phrases, with hostile import: thus, with יָרַק to spit 4 Mos 12,14; 5 Mos 25,9 התיצב to make a stand 5 Mos 7,24; 5 Mos 11,25, and עמד Jos 10,8, לֹא יַעֲמֹד אִישׁ בְּפָנֶיךָ Jos 21,42; Jos 23,9 עָנָה to answer (give evidence) against, Hos 5,5 וענה גאון ישׂראל בפניו, Hos 7,10; Job 16,8 וְנָקֹטוּ בִּפְנֵיהֶם = feel loathing against their own selves, Ezk 6,9, so Ezk 20,43; Ezk 36,31. (b) in front of, Ezk 42,12.

4. לִפְנֵי, properly at the face or front of, the most general word for in the presence of, before: as 1 Mos 18,22 עֹמֵד לִפְנֵי אַבְרָהָם, 2 Mos 4,21; 2 Mos 11,10; 2 Sam 2,14; Ord 17,18 + often; after a verb of motion, 1 Mos 47,2 וַיַּצִּיגֵם ׳לפני פ and set them before Pharaoh, 1 Mos 27,20 ׳כִּי הִקְרָה י לפני literally made (it) to meet before me (compare 1 Mos 24,12), 2 Mos 29,10; Ord 18,16 etc. In particular,
\ \ a. With the implication of
\ \ \ (a) under the eye or oversight of, 5 Mos 25,2; 1 Sam 3,1.
\ \ \ (b) under the eye and regard of, 1 Mos 17,18 לוּ יִשְׁמָעֵאל יִחְיֶה לְפָנֶיךָ, Hos 6,2; Es 53,2; Sl 61,8 compare Jer 30,20; Jer 31,36; Es 66,22; Sl 102,29: also 1 Sam 2,28; 2 Sam 19,14.
\ \ \ (c) figurative for in (or into) the full (mental) view of, 1 Mos 6,13 קֵץ כָּלבָּֿשָׂר בָּא לְפָנַי is come in before me, Klg 1,22 תָּבאֹ כָלרָֿעָתָם לְפָנֶיךָ, Jon 1,2 עָֽלְתָה לְפָנַי (compare אֶל 1 Mos 18,21; 2 Mos 2,23), Es 65,6 כְּתוּבָה לְפָנָ֑י, Jer 2,22 נִכְתָּךְ לְפָנָי (compare נֶגְדִּי Es 47,12).
\ \ \ (d) openly before, 1 Sam 12,2 הִתְהַלֵךְ לִפְנֵי, and with collateral idea of deserving (and receiving) regard 1 Sam 2,35, especially ׳לפני י 1 Mos 17,1 and elsewhere.
\ \ \ (e) in presence of the moon or sun, Sl 72,5; Sl 72,17, i.e. as long as they endure.
\ \ \ (f) free before, at the disposal of,1 Mos 13,9 הֲלֹא כָלהָֿאָרֶץ לְפָנֶיךָ (compare 1 Mos 20,15; 1 Mos 34,10; 1 Mos 47,6; Jer 40,4; 2 Kron 14,6), 2 Kron 24,51; Hoj 8,12.
\ \ \ (g) in the sight (estimation) of, 1 Mos 7,1 thee have I seen to be just before me, 1 Mos 10,9 a mighty hunter before ׳י, 5 Mos 24,4 ׳י ׳תּוֺעֵבָה ל, v5 Mos 24,13 ׳י ׳צְדָקָה ל, 1 Sam 20,1 b, אָרוּר ׳י ׳ל Jos 6,26; 1 Sam 26,19, ׳י ׳לְרָצוֺן ל acceptable before ׳י, 3 Mos 1,3 +, Sl 19,15; 2 Kong 5,1 a great man לִפְנֵי אֲדֹנָיו, Ord 14,12; Sl 143,2 ׳וַיִּיטַב ל (late synonym of earlier בְּעֵנֵי) Neh 2,5; Neh 2,6; Est 5,14 ׳טוֺב ל Praed 2,26; Praed 7,26 compare also נָתַן לְרַחֲמִים לִפְנֵי, see רַחֲמִים.
\ \ \ (h) ׳לִפְנֵי י, specifically of acts done with a solemn sense of ׳י's presence, often, but not always, at a sanctuary: 1 Mos 27,7 that I may eat and bless thee before ׳י, before I die, 2 Mos 18,12 to eat bread before God, 5 Mos 1,45 ye wept before ׳י, 5 Mos 6,25; 5 Mos 12,7 (to eat, so v5 Mos 12,18; 5 Mos 14,23; 5 Mos 14,26; 5 Mos 15,20), v5 Mos 15,12 (rejoice, so v5 Mos 15,18; 5 Mos 27,7; Es 9,2), Jos 18,6; Jos 24,1; Dom 11,11; Dom 20,23; Dom 20,26; Dom 21,2; 1 Sam 7,6; 1 Sam 10,19; 1 Sam 11,15; 1 Sam 12,7; 1 Sam 15,33; 1 Sam 23,18; 2 Sam 5,3; 2 Sam 7,18; 2 Sam 21,9 and constantly in P, as 2 Mos 16,9; 2 Mos 16,33; 2 Mos 16,34; 3 Mos 1,5; 3 Mos 1,11; 3 Mos 3,1; 3 Mos 3,7 etc.; of residents in Jerusalem Es 23,18. So in ׳י ׳הָלַךְ ל 1 Kong 2,4 and elsewhere.
\ \ b. In other phrases: —
\ \ \ (a) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand before, i.e. wait upon, be in attendance on, 5 Mos 1,38 and elsewhere (see עָמַד 1 e). Simil. הָיָה לִפְנֵי 1 Sam 19,7 (compare 1 Sam 29,8), 2 Kong 5,2 ׳עָבַד ל 2 Sam 16,19.
\ \ \ (b) הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה לִפְנֵי to bow down before 1 Mos 23,12; 5 Mos 26,10; 2 Kong 18,22 and elsewhere (see below שָׁחָה; also נָפַל 3 b): so with הִתְפַּלֵּל to pray 1 Sam 1,12 +; compare הלך פָני 1 Kong 12,30; 1 Kron 21,30.
\ \ \ (c) to be smitten (נִגַּף) before a foe; see נָגַף Niph`al [contrast נוּס מִפְּנֵי: below 6 a]. So with נָפַל 1 Sam 14,13 נָתַן (in helplessness or flight), especially in Deuteronomy, as 5 Mos 1,8; 5 Mos 1,21; 5 Mos 7,2 (twice in verse); 5 Mos 7,23; Jos 10,12; Jos 11,6 + (Dr^{DT lxxxii}): compare Dom 4,15; 2 Sam 5,20; Es 45,1; Jer 1,17.
\ \ \ (d) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand (make a stand) before (not quite so strong as בִּפְנֵי ׳ע, above 3), 2 Mos 9,11; Dom 2,14; 2 Kong 10,4; Jer 49,19; Sl 76,8; Sl 147,17; Nah 1,6 so with הִתְיַצֵּב 5 Mos 9,2; Jos 1,5; Job 41,2, קוּם Jos 7,12; Jos 7,13.
\ \ \ (e) in hostile sense (rare), יָצָא לִפְנֵי go forth to face 1 Kron 14,8; 2 Kron 14,9.
\ \ \ (f) לִפְנֵי (נָתַן) שִׂים, of food, to set or place before, 1 Mos 18,8; 1 Mos 24,33 +.
\ \ \ (g) נָתַן לִפְנֵי to set before, i.e. propound for acceptance or choice, usually of laws (especially Deuteronomy, Jeremiah), 5 Mos 4,8; 5 Mos 11,26; 5 Mos 11,32; 5 Mos 30,1; 5 Mos 30,15; 5 Mos 30,19; 1 Kong 9,6 (D²), Jer 9,12; Jer 21,8; Jer 26,4; Jer 44,10; , compare Ezk 23,24 (place at disposal of): so with שִׂים 2 Mos 19,7; 2 Mos 21,1.
\ \ c. With reference to position:
\ \ \ (a) in front of, before, especially with verbs of motion (with which נֶגֶד is hardly used), 1 Mos 32,21 בַּמִּנְחָה הַהֹלֶכֶת לְפָנָ֔י that goeth before me, 1 Mos 33,14 the cattle אֲשֶׁר לְפָנַי, 2 Mos 17,5; 2 Mos 23,20 etc.; in the description of a march or procession, 2 Mos 13,21; 2 Mos 13,22; 4 Mos 10,33; Es 52,12; Es 58,8 +; 2 Sam 3,31 and wail before Abner (before his bier); of flocks before a shepherd 1 Mos 32,18 of captives or booty driven before a conqueror 1 Sam 30,20 (read וַיִּנְהֲגוּ לְפָנָיו We Dr), Es 8,4; Es 40,10 = Es 62,11 וּפְעֻלָּתוֺ לְפָנָיו his recompence (i.e. his newly-recovered people, regarded as his prize of war) before him, Amos 9,4; Klg 1,5; Klg 1,6
\ \ \ (b) of a leader, etc. = at the head of, 5 Mos 10,11; Dom 9,39; 1 Sam 8,20; Mik 1,13 and elsewhere; compare בא ויצא לפני (העם) 4 Mos 27,17; 1 Sam 18,13; 1 Sam 18,16; 2 Kron 1,10; Praed 4,16 before whom (at whose head) he was.
\ \ \ (c) denoting superiority, before, above, 1 Mos 48,20 וַיָּשֶׂם אתאֿפרים לפני מנשׁה, Job 34,19.
\ \ d. Of places (not very common): 2 Mos 14,2 before Pi-hahiroth . . ., before Baal-zephon, 4 Mos 33,7b, 1 Mos 23,17 מַמְרֵא ׳אשׁר ל (usually ׳על פני מ: see 7 a d), 1 Kron 19,7; Neh 8,1; Neh 8,3 before the temple, veil, altar, etc., 2 Mos 16,34 + הָעֵדֻת ׳ל, 2 Mos 30,6 + הַפָּרֹכֶת ׳ל, 2 Mos 40,5; 2 Mos 40,6; 4 Mos 3,38; 4 Mos 7,10 and elsewhere (all P), 1 Kong 6,21; 1 Kong 7,49 +.
\ \ e. Of time, before: Amos 1,1: לפני הָָֽ רעַשׁ before the earthquake, 1 Mos 29,26; 1 Mos 30,30 לְפָנַי before me (i.e. before I came to thee), 2 Mos 10,14 לפניו לא היה כן before it there was not the like, 4 Mos 13,22; 1 Kong 16,25; 1 Kong 16,30 מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר לְפָנָיו, Es 43,10; Es 48,7; Ord 8,25; Job 15,7 etc. Sq. infinitive, 1 Mos 13,10 ׳לִפְנֵי שַׁחֵת י before ׳י's destroying, etc., 1 Mos 27,7 לִפְנֵי מוֺתִי, 1 Mos 36,31; 1 Sam 9,15 +. Once, in late Hebrew, לִפְנֵי מִזֶּה before this Neh 13,4. feminine In the manner of, like (rare and dubious), 1 Sam 1,16 אַלתִּֿתֵּן אֶתאֲֿמָֽתְךָ לִפְנֵי בַתבִּֿלִיַּעַל like a worthless woman, Job 3,24 like my food, Job 4,19 they are crushed like the moth (compare Lat pro).

5. מִלִּפְנֵי₇₃ from before: —
\ \ a. from the presence of (properly, from a position before a person or object: to be distinguished from מִפְּנֵי; see 6):
\ \ \ (a) 1 Mos 41,46 ׳ויצא יוסף מִלִּפְנֵי פ from before Pharaoh, 1 Mos 47,10; 2 Kong 5,27; 2 Kong 6,32 +; ׳י ׳מל 1 Mos 4,6 Cain went forth from before ׳י, Jon 1,3; Jon 1,10 specifically of the sanctuary, 3 Mos 9,24 ׳ותצא אשׁ מלפני י (so 3 Mos 10,2), קֶצֶף 4 Mos 17,11 (compare 2 Kron 19,2), with לָקַח etc. 3 Mos 16,12; 4 Mos 17,24; 4 Mos 20,9, 1 Sam 21,7 the shew-bread that was removed from before ׳י; from before a place 1 Kong 8,54; Ezr 10,6; 2 Kron 1,13,
\ \ \ (b) of taking, etc., from before a person, 1 Mos 23,4 to bury my dead from before me, v1 Mos 23,8; 2 Mos 36,3; 5 Mos 17,18 ׳וכתב לו מִשְׁנֵה התורה הזאת מל הכהנים from (the copy) before the priests, 5 Mos 28,31 גָּזוּכ מלפניך.
\ \ \ (c) with בקשׁ Est 4,8 [compare מִןקֳדָם Dan 2,18]; and to express the idea of proceeding from a person, Est 1,19 [compare Dan 2,15], Praed 10,5; 1 Kron 29,12 הָעשֶׁר והכבוד מלפניך (compare ApG 3,19); Sl 17,2 מלפניך. יֵצֵא משׁפטי.
\ \ \ (d) of cutting off, etc., from before ׳י (compare לִפְנֵי a b, c), 3 Mos 22,3; 1 Kong 8,25 לֹאיִֿכָּרֵת לְךָ אִישׁ, מִלְּפָנִי Jer 31,36; Jer 33,18; Es 48,19: Sl 51,13 אַלתַּֿשְׁלִיכֵנִי מִלְּפָנְיךָ (compare 8 a); Jer 16,17 לֹא נִסְתְּרוּ מִלְּפָנַי, Jer 18,23; Neh 3,37.
\ \ \ (e) of expelling from before an invader, 2 Mos 23,28; 5 Mos 9,4; 5 Mos 11,23; 5 Mos 31,3 + (but much less common than מִפְּנֵי).
\ \ b. (Chiefly late) to express the source or cause, with the force of the לְ weakened, in cases where the earlier language would have used מִפְּנֵי: with verbs of fearing, 1 Sam 18,12; Praed 3,14; Praed 8,12; Praed 8,13; 1 Kron 16,30 חִילִי מִלְּפָנָיו [|| Sl 96,9 מפניו], Sl 114,7 (twice in verse); Est 7,6; 2 Kron 32,7 ( + מפני); failing, etc., Es 57,16; Sl 97,5 being humbled, 1 Kong 21,29 ( + מפני), 2 Kron 32,12; 2 Kron 32,23; 2 Kron 34,27 [|| 2 Kong 22,19 מפני], 2 Kong 36,12 crying for help 1 Sam 8,18 [compare מפני 2 Mos 3,7], singing 1 Kron 16,33 [|| Sl 96,13 לפני], fleeing 1 Kron 19,18 [|| 2 Sam 10,18 מִפְּנֵי].
\ \ c. of time, once, = לִפְנֵי Praed 1,10. — With the later usages of ׳מל, compare מִן קֳדָם in Biblical Aramaic and ᵑ7 (Dr Sm^{lxx-lxxi, lxxiii}); see also Kö^{ii. 320.}

6. מִפְּנֵי from the face or presence of, from before, 2 Mos 14,19 וַיִּסַּע עמוד הענן מִפְּנֵיהֶם removecl from before them, Es 30,11; Hos 11,2 so
\ \ a. (often with suggestion of causation (see מִן 2 d, e, f), because of, for fear of [so AV RV Dom 9,21; 1 Sam 21,11; 1 Sam 23,26; (twice in verse); Jer 37,11; Jer 41,9; Jer 50,16]) after verbs of hiding 1 Mos 3,8; 1 Mos 4,14; Es 2,10 (compare vEs 2,19 vEs 2,21); and especially of escaping, Dom 9,21 (Thes 'bene ᵑ9 ob metum A.'), 1 Sam 18,11; 1 Sam 19,10; 1 Sam 23,26, or fleeing, 2 Mos 4,3; 2 Mos 14,25; 1 Sam 17,24 + often (see בָּרַךְ and נוּס), and expelling, destroying, etc. 2 Mos 23,30 אֲגָָֽרְשֶׁנּוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ I will expel them from before thee, 2 Mos 34,11; 2 Mos 34,24 אוֺרִישׁ גּוֺיִם מִפָּנֶיךָ (see הוֺרִישׁ), 3 Mos 18,24; 5 Mos 8,20; Amos 2,9; Sl 89,24 + often (as though clearing the way for Israel, for Israel's sake: compare Es 63,12 בּוֺקֵעַ מַיִס מִפְּנֵיהֶם, Jos 2,10; Jos 4,23). Pregn. Es 17,9 ׳כַּעֲזוּבַת ֗֗֗ אשׁר עזבו מפני בני ישׂר which they forsook (fleeing) from before, etc.
\ \ b. implying causation more distinctly. Sl 9,4 יאבדו מפניך perish from before thee or at the presence, 5 Mos 7,20: very often with verbs of fearing, as גור, יגר, חיל, ירא, ערץ, פחד, קוץ 2 Mos 9,30; 4 Mos 22,3 (twice in verse); 5 Mos 1,17; Jer 5,22 etc. (mostly when the object inspiring fear is a person: when it is a thing, מִן alone is preferred; but see 5 Mos 5,5; 5 Mos 9,19); of being alarmed or dismayed 1 Mos 45,3; Jos 2,9; Jer 1,17; Job 23,15, etc.; of humbling oneself 2 Mos 10,3; Dom 11,33 +; with other words, to indicate the external ground of an action or effect, as הַס מִפָּנָיו be silent at (i.e. because of) his presence Sef 1,7; Hab 2,20; Dom 5,5 the mountains flowed ׳מפני י at the presence of ׳י, Es 63,19; Jer 4,26; Nah 1,5; Sl 68,3 as wax melteth מפני אשׁ; 5 Mos 20,19; Es 19,1; Es 26,17 כן היינו מפניך so were we through thy presence (more than לפניך, — implying that their state was due to ׳י); קום מפני to rise up at the presence of 1 Mos 31,35; 3 Mos 19,32. (

7. עַלפְּֿנֵי (compare Phoenician עַל פְּנֵ, עלת פְּנֵ, Lzb³⁵²) has different meanings according to the different senses of the noun and the preposition: —
\ \ a. From the sense of face or front:
\ \ \ (a) in front of (more definite and distinct than לפני): Sl 18,43 as dust before the wind (compare לפני Sl 35,5; Sl 83,14 +), 1 Mos 32,22 the present passed on עלפֿניו in front of him, 2 Mos 33,19 אעביר כלטֿוּבי עלפֿניך,2 Sam 15,18; 2 Sam 15,23 (read עלפֿניו: see Dr), Job 4,15 = in the sight of, 3 Mos 10,3 ועלפֿני כל העם אֶכָּבֵד, Jer 6,7 עַלפָּֿנַי תָּמִיד חֳלִי וּמַכָּה, Jer 13,26 (compare Nah 3,5), Sl 9,20 יִשָּֽׁפְטוּ גוים עלפֿניך before thee: defiantly, Job 1,11 אםלֿא עלֿ פניך יְבָֽרְכֶךָּ will renounce thee to thy face, Job 6,28 ועלפֿניכם אם אֲכַוֵּב, Job 21,31 to die in the presence of any one ( = in his lifetime) 1 Mos 11,28; 4 Mos 3,4.
\ \ \ (b) before, to the exclusion of another, i.e. in preference to, 5 Mos 21,16, and perhaps(Ew^{§ 217} l) 2 Mos 20,3 (5 Mos 5,7) לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים עלפֿני (Thes and others as c).
\ \ \ (c) in addition to, Job 16,14 פֶּרֶץעַלפְּֿנֵיפֶֿרֶץ יִפְרְצֵנִי.
\ \ \ (d) of localities, in front of, mostly (but not always: see GFM^{Ju., p. 351}) = east of, 1 Kong 6,3 the porch in front of, etc., v1 Kong 6,3; 1 Kong 7,6; 1 Kong 8,8; 2 Kron 3,17; Ezk 42,8; 1 Mos 16,12 עלפֿני כלאֿחיו ישׁכן (compare 1 Mos 25,18 b), perhaps (Di and others) with collateral idea of defiance; מַמְרֵא ׳עַלפֿ 1 Mos 23,19 (1 Mos 50,13), 2 Mos 16,14 often in אשׁר עלפֿני ֗֗֗ 1 Mos 25,9 (1 Mos 49,30), מצרים v1 Mos 49,18 a (Jos 13,3; 1 Sam 15,7), 4 Mos 21,11; 4 Mos 33,7 a, ירחו 5 Mos 32,49 (5 Mos 34,1), Jos 13,3; Jos 13,25; Jos 15,8 (Jos 18,16), Jos 17,7; Jos 18,14; Jos 19,11; Dom 16,3; 1 Sam 24,3 (probably), 1 Sam 26,1; 1 Sam 26,3; 2 Sam 2,24; 1 Kong 11,7 (the Mt. of Olives, east of Jews.; so 2 Kong 23,13; Zak 14,4), Zak 17,3; Zak 17,5. — 1 Mos 1,20 let fowl fly עלפֿני רקיע השׁמים in front of the firmament of heaven, namely as looked up to from below, i.e. between the firmament and the earth. (ε) with verbs implying direction, over towardas, 1 Mos 18,16 וישׁקף עלפֿני סדם, 1 Mos 19,28; 4 Mos 21,20 (4 Mos 23,28) נשׁקפה עלפֿני הישׁימן overlooking; to sprinkle against the front of 3 Mos 16,14 in a hostile sense (rare), Nah 2,2 עָלָה מֵפִיץ עַלפָּֿנַיִךְ, Sl 21,13; Ezk 32,10.

8. מֵעַלפְּֿנֵי
\ \ a. from before the face of, 1 Mos 23,3 Abraham rose up מֵעַל פְּנֵי מֵתוֺ from before his dead, i.e. from mourning before or beside it; Psalms (פניו) מֵעַל פני from before my (his) face, often in Kings & Jeremiah of the rejection of Israel or the temple, as with שִׁלַּת 1 Kong 9,7 (|| 2 Kron 7,20 השׁליך), Jer 15,1, השׁליד 2 Kong 13,23; 2 Kong 24,20 (Jer 52,3), Jer 7,15, נטשׁ Jer 23,39, הסיר 2 Kong 17,18; 2 Kong 17,23; 2 Kong 23,27; 2 Kong 24,3; Jer 32,31.
\ \ b. from of the surface of, often in the phrase מֵעַל פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה, with verbs of cutting off, removing, expelling, etc., Psalms; 1 Mos 4,14; 1 Mos 6,7; 1 Mos 7,4; 1 Mos 8,8; 2 Mos 32,12; 5 Mos 6,15; 1 Sam 20,15; 1 Kong 9,7; 1 Kong 13,34; Amos 9,8; Jer 28,16; Sef 1,2; Sef 1,3.