עָמַד

Qal₄₃₅ Perfect ׳ע 1 Mos 19,27 +, 3 feminine singular עָֽמְדָה 2 Kong 13,6 +, etc.; Imperfect יַעֲמֹד 2 Mos 21,21, יַעֲמוֺד Nah 1,6 +, יַעֲמָדֿ 1 Sam 16,22 +; 1 singular אֶעֱמֹ֑דָה Hab 2,1, וָאֶעֱמֹד 2 Sam 1,10 3 masculine plural יַעַמְדוּ Jer 32,14 +, יַעֲמֹ֑דוּ Ezk 1,21 +, 2 masculine plural וַתַּעַמְדוּן 5 Mos 4,11, etc.; Imperative עֲמֹד 1 Sam 9,27 +, עֲמָדֿ 2 Sam 1,9 feminine singular עִמְדִי Es 47,12; Jer 48,19, etc.; Infinitive absolute עָמֹד Est 9,16 construct עֲמֹד 2 Mos 18,23 +, suffix עָמְדִי Jer 18,20, עֲמָדְךָ Ob 1,11, etc.; Participle עֹמֵד Es 3,13 +, feminine עֹמֶ֫דֶת Hag 2,5 +, etc.; —

1. a. take one's stand, and (especially participle) stand, be in a standing attitude: with עַל by, 1 Sam 26,13; 2 Sam 2,25; 2 Kong 2,7 +, so participle 1 Mos 18,8 (J), 1 Mos 41,1; 1 Mos 41,17 (E) +, עַל on, 2 Mos 3,5 (E), 5 Mos 27,12 +; with ב location 2 Mos 32,26; 4 Mos 22,24; 4 Mos 22,26 (all J E), +; with אֶל location 1 Kong 20,38 (+ לְ person), Jer 48,19; Ezk 21,26; Ezk 27,29 with אֶל person 1 Sam 17,51; 2 Kong 5,25 with אֵצֶל 1 Mos 41,3 (E), Ezk 9,2; Ezk 10,6; Neh 8,4 with לִפְנֵי 1 Mos 18,22; 1 Kong 3,16; 1 Kong 8,22 +; before ׳י, for intercession 1 Mos 19,27 (J), 5 Mos 4,10; Jer 15,1; Jer 18,20, etc.; take one's stand and do a thing 1 Sam 17,8; 1 Kong 8,55; 2 Kong 18,28 = Es 36,13 +; followed by infinitive 1 Kong 8,11 = 2 Kron 5,14 +.
\ \ b. stand forth (to speak, etc.) 2 Kong 10,9 +.
\ \ c. take a stand against (עַל), in opposition to, Dom 6,31; Ezr 10,15 (but stand over, = have charge of, according to Kue^{Ges. Abh. 247 f.}) 2 Kron 26,18 compare עַלדַּֿם 3 Mos 19,16 (H) against the blood of, i.e. seek one's blood, life; with יָ֑חַד Es 50,8 together, i.e. against each other.
\ \ d. present oneself before (לִפְנֵי) 1 Mos 43,15 (J), 2 Mos 9,10 (E), 4 Mos 27,2; 4 Mos 27,21 (P), 1 Sam 16,21 +; before ׳י (in sanctuary) 5 Mos 19,17; Jer 7,10 compare Jer 18,20; 3 Mos 9,5 (P); so in heaven 1 Kong 22,21 = 2 Kron 18,20 with ב location of child at birth Hos 13,13, in palace (as retainer, courtier) Dan 1,4
\ \ e. with לִפְנֵי attend upon, be(come) servant of 1 Sam 16,22 (see Dr), 1 Kong 1,2 +; servant of ׳י 1 Kong 17,1; 1 Kong 18,15; 2 Kong 3,14; 2 Kong 5,16; Jer 15,19 priests (לְשָֽׁרְתוֺׅ׳לִפְנֵי י 5 Mos 10,8; Dom 20,28; Ezk 44,15; 2 Kron 29,11 of Levites, stand before congregation for menial duties Ezk 44,11; 4 Mos 16,9 (P). feminine stand afar מֵרָחוֺק 2 Mos 20,18; 2 Mos 20,21 (E), Es 59,14; Sl 38,12, ׳בְּר Sl 10,1 ׳מִנֶּגֶד מֵר 2 Kong 2,7 stand aloof, מִנֶֹּגֶד Ob 1,11; Sl 38,12.
\ \ g. stand (silent) Job 32,16.
\ \ h. stand (appealingly) Job 30,20 (but read עָמַדְתָּ, of God, Me Hi Du).
\ \ i. stand, subject רֶגֶל Zak 14,4 (עַל location), Sl 122,2 (ב location) so Sl 26,12 (figurative).
\ \ j. stand, of water, עַלהָֿרִים Sl 104,6. See also prepositions אֶל, אֵצֶל, עַל, מִמַּעַל, עִם, etc.

2. a. stand still, stop, cease moving, of moon Jos 10,13 (J E; || וַיִּדֹּם), sun vJos 10,13, both, Hab 3,11 of person 1 Sam 9,27 (opposed to עָבַר), 2 Sam 2,28 (opposed to רָדַף), עִמְדוּ עֲמֹ֫דוּ Nah 2,9 +; stop flowing (of oil) 2 Kong 4,6 remain standing, with תַּחְתֵּינוּ Dom 7,21; 1 Sam 14,9 etc.; of eruption in skin = remain unchanged 3 Mos 13,23; 3 Mos 13,28 so (without ׳ת) 3 Mos 13,5; 3 Mos 13,37 (all P).
\ \ b. = be inactive 2 Kron 20,17 (opposed to לְהִלָּחֵם, + הִתְיַצְּבוּ).
\ \ c. = be attentive Job 37,14.
\ \ d. stop, cease doing a thing 2 Kong 13,18 with מִן 1 Mos 29,35; 1 Mos 30,9 (both J), Joel 1,15.

3. a. tarry, delay 1 Mos 45,9 (E), Jos 10,19 (J E; opposed to רָדַף), 1 Sam 20,38 (opposed to מְהֵרָה, חוּשָׁה), +.
\ \ b. remain, with ב location 2 Kong 15,20; 5 Mos 10,10 with עִמָּדִי 5 Mos 5,28 (opposed to שׁוּב); + infinitive purpose Est 7,7.
\ \ c. continue, abide Jer 32,14; Es 66,22; Sl 102,27 (opposed to אָבַד); = dwell 2 Mos 8,18 (J; עַל location); לָעַד Sl 19,10; Sl 111,3; Sl 111,10; Sl 112,3; Sl 112,9 לְעוֺלָם Sl 33,11; Praed 1,4 בְּתוֺךְ Hag 2,5 of plan = be established Sl 33,11 (earlier קוּם, as Es 14,24), so Est 3,4; Dan 11,17 b; = maintain itself (earlier קוּם Jos 2,11) Praed 2,9 לֹא יַעֲמָדבִּֿי כֹחַ Dan 10,17.
\ \ d. endure 2 Mos 18,23 (E), Ezk 22,14 (|| חָזַק).
\ \ e. be steadfast 5 Mos 25,8; Rut 2,7. feminine persist Praed 8,3.

4. make a stand, hold one's ground, Amos 2,15; 2 Kong 10,4; Mal 3,2 +; with לִפְנֵי Dom 2,14; 2 Kong 10,4 +, בִּפְנֵי Jos 10,8; Jos 21,44 (Ginsb; van d. H. Baer vJos 21,42), Jos 23,9 (all D); with עַל, for one's life Est 8,11; Est 9,16.

5. stand upright:
\ \ a. remain standing 2 Kong 13,6 of head 2 Kong 6,31 remain upright upon him (עָלָיו); of house (figurative of endurance) Job 8,15; Ord 12,7.
\ \ b. stand up, opposed to sit, Neh 8,5; Job 29,8 (+ קוּם); opposed to lie prostrate Ezk 2,1 (עַלרַֿגְלֶיךָ), so Ezk 37,10 (id.), Dan 10,1, vDan 10,11 (עַלעָֿמְדָ֑ךָ), Est 8,4 of revival after death Dan 12,13 (late for קוּם).
\ \ c. stand up, rise, of water Jos 3,13 (+ appositive נֵד אֶחָד), vJos 3,16 (+ קָמוּ + id.; both J E).
\ \ d. be erect, upright, of boards 2 Mos 26,15; 2 Mos 36,20 (P).

6. a. arise, appear, come on the scene (= קוּם; late) Ezr 2,63 = Neh 7,65; Sl 106,30 (compare Praed 47,1; Praed 47,12), especially Dan 8,22 (twice in verse); Dan 8,23; Dan 11,2; Dan 11,3; Dan 11,4; Dan 12,1, compare Dan 11,7 (כַּנּוֺ), vDan 11,20 vDan 11,21 (עַלכַּֿנּוֺ); with תַּחַת instead of Praed 4,15 of war 1 Kron 20,4, deliverance Est 4,14.
\ \ b. stand forth, appear = come into being Es 48,13; Sl 33,9; Sl 119,90.
\ \ c. rise up as foe (earlier קום Amos 7,9; 1 Mos 4,8), with עַל against 1 Kron 21,1; 2 Kron 20,23; Dan 8,25; Dan 11,14,
\ \ c. לְנֶגְדִּי against Dan 10,13.

7. rare usages are:
\ \ a. אֶתֿ ׳ע stand with, as attendant, servitor 1 Mos 45,1 (E), 4 Mos 1,5 (P).
\ \ b. take one's stand in covenant, בַּבְּרִית 2 Kong 23,3.
\ \ c. stand עַלחֶֿרֶב Ezk 33,26 (resort to the sword).
\ \ d. stand ׳בְּסוֺד י Jer 23,18; Jer 23,22 (see סוֺד).
\ \ e. be appointed Ezr 10,14. feminine stand before (לִפְנֵי) beast 3 Mos 18,23 (carnal intercourse)
\ \ g. grow flat, insipid (Gie), taste of wine Jer 48,11 (figurative of Moab), or remain unchanged (so most, in that case compare 3 b). — עָמְדִי Dan 11,1b is corrupt, read probably עָמַדְתִּי, or עָמַד (מִיכָאֵל subject), join then to Dan 10,21 and strike out Dan 11,1a; so Bev Behrm Marti^Kau. Hiph`il<sub>83</sub> (compare Dr<sup>Intr. (6) 535</sup>) Perfect 3 masculine singular הֶעֱמִיד 1 Kong 12,32 +, 2 masculine singular הֶעֱמַדְתָּה Sl 30,8, וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ֫ 4 Mos 3,6 +, etc., Imperfect יַעֲמִיד Ord 29,4 +, וַיַּעֲמֵד 2 Kong 8,1 +; 3 feminine singular suffix וַתַּעֲמִדֵנִי Ezk 2,2; Ezk 3,24, 1 plural וַנַּעֲמִיד Neh 4,3, etc.; Imperative הַעֲמֵד Es 21,6 suffix הַעֲמִידֶהָ Ezk 24,11 Infinitive absolute הַעֲמֵיד Neh 7,3 construct הַעֲמִיד 1 Kong 15,4 +; Participle מַעֲמִיד 2 Kron 18,34 (but see Hoph`al): —

1. station, set, with accusative Dom 16,25 (בֵּין); for duty 4 Mos 11,24 (E; סְבִיבֹת) 1 Kong 12,32 (ב location), 2 Kron 19,5 (id.), Neh 13,11(עַלֿ עָמְדָם), Es 21,6 + (Neh 4,7 a read perhaps Qal, so Perles^{Anal. 65}), with עַל against Neh 4,3.

2. cause to stand firm Sl 18,34 = 2 Sam 22,34 (with עַל location); maintain (opposed to overthrow) 2 Mos 9,16 (J), 1 Kong 15,4, compare Ord 29,4.

3. cause to stand up, set up, erect, with accusative + עַלרַֿגְלַי Ezk 2,2; Ezk 3,24, so עַלעָֿמְדִי Dan 8,18 temple Ezr 2,68 (עַל location), compare 2 Kron 24,13 (על location, of repairs); especially doors Neh 3,1 + 7 t. Nehemiah; Asherim 2 Kron 33,19, compare 2 Kron 25,14.

4. + לִפְנֵי present one before king 1 Mos 47,7 (P), ׳י (in sanctuary) 3 Mos 14,11 + 3 t. P, + (of goat) 3 Mos 16,7, priest 3 Mos 27,8 + 4 t. P, + (of beast) 3 Mos 27,11.

5. appoint Neh 7,3; 1 Kron 15,17 + (late); with עַל over Neh 13,9 +, with infinitive purpose Neh 6,7 +, with 2 accusative 1 Kron 15,16 = assign (land) to (ל) 2 Kron 33,8 (|| 2 Kong 21,8 נָתַן); appoint courses of priests 2 Kong 8,14; 2 Kong 31,2, compare Neh 13,30 ordain commandments, עַל person Neh 10,33, compare 2 Kron 30,5 establish עַדהָֿעוֺלָם 1 Kron 17,14 (ב location), compare 2 Kron 9,8; Sl 148,6 with accusative of covenant Sl 105,10 = 1 Kron 16,17 (ל person + ל of thing); with חָזוֺן vision Dan 11,14 (= fulfil, earlier הֵקִים).

6. other meanings:
\ \ a. אֶתפָּֿנָיו ׳ע 2 Kong 8,11 have a fixed look.
\ \ b. with accusative רַגְלַי + ב location Sl 31,9 (figurative).
\ \ c. make to stand (in a covt.; see || 2 Kong 23,3) 2 Kron 34,32.
\ \ d. restore waste places Ezr 9,9.
\ \ e. + לְפָנֶיהָ Est 4,5, i.e. make servant to. feminine cause wind to arise Sl 107,25.
\ \ g. = raise an army Dan 11,11; Dan 11,13. — 2 Kron 18,34 see Hoph`al; Sl 30,8 see עֹז; Ezk 29,7 see מָעַד. Hoph`al Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָעֳמַדֿ 3 Mos 16,10 be presented (of goat), + ׳לִפְנֵי י; Participle הָיָה מָעֳמָד 1 Kong 22,35 he was caused to stand, i.e. propped up, in (ב) his chariot, so read also || 2 Kron 18,34 (as ᵐ5), for ᵑ0 מַעֲמִיד. — On Perfect הָעֳמַדְתִּי see עֹז Sl 30,8.