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עַל

ʻal Strong H5921 forholdsord

Engelsk above, over, by

I GT 5870 gange i den hebraiske tekst (BHSA)

Brown-Driver-Briggs

עַל, עָ֑ל (compare Köii. 261 f.) I. substantive height (poetry) Hos 7,16 יָשׁוּבוּ לֹא עָֹל they return (but) not upwards (i.e. not God-wards), Hos 11,7 וְאֶלעַֿל יִקְרָאֻהוּ they (the prophets) call it (the people) upwards, (but) none striveth to rise; as adverb accusative, 2 Sam 23,1 the man הֻ֣קַּם עָ֔ל (that) is raised up on high. With מִן, מֵעָ֑ל, (ה)שׁמים מֵעָ֑ל (the) heavens above 1 Mos 27,39; 1 Mos 49,25; Sl 50,4 (opposed to מִתַּחַת 2 Mos 20,4. In prose מִמַּעַל).

II. As preposition upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against (SI4.6; Moabite, Aramaic id.; Phoenician על, and עלת; Palmyrene, Nabataean על; Sabean עלי, Arabic ); — abbreviated from עֲלֵי (compare אֱלֵי, עֲדֵי), which is preserved in poetry, 1 Mos 49,17 (twice in verse); 1 Mos 49,22 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 24,6 (twice in verse); 5 Mos 32,2 (twice in verse); Es 18,4; Jer 8,18; Mik 5,6; Klg 4,5; 1 Kong 20,41 Qr, Job 7,1 Qr + 10 t. Psalms, 3 t. Proverbs, 15 t. Job; with suffix עָלַי; עָלֶיךָ, עָלַיִךְ ( Sl 116,7 the Aramaizing form עָלָ֑יְכִי); עָלָיו, Psalm 1 Sam 2,10 עָלָו, עָלֶיהָ; 1 plural עָלֵינוּ; 2 masculine plural עֲלֵיכֶם, 2 Mos 12,13 עֲלֵכֶם, 2 feminine plural עֲלֵיכֶן Ezk 23,49 3 masculine plural עֲלֵיהֶם, 13 t. in Pentateuch עֲלֵהֶם 1 Mos 45,15, etc. (Köii. 305), in poetry עָלֵ֫ימוֺ 5 Mos 22,23 + 11 t. Psalms, Job (perhaps sometimes, Ges«GKC:103i»§ 103i, N.); 3 feminine plural עֲלֵיהֶן, 3 Mos 3,4; 3 Mos 3,10; 3 Mos 3,15 עֲלֵהֶן (on the apparently plur. form of עֲלֵי, עָלַי etc., see Köii. 309 ff., and compare below עַד).

1. Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed; as עלהֿארץ upon the earth 1 Mos 1,11; 1 Mos 1,26; 1 Mos 7,6, etc., Sl 110,6 על ארץ רבה over a wide country; על האדמה upon the ground Ezk 20,12 + often, Amos 7,12 עַל אֲדָמָה טְמֵאָה, Es 14,2 ׳על אדמת י, Sl 137,4 עַל אַדְמַת נֵכָר (אֲרָמָה being properly ground, soil, is construed regularly with על, באדמה being very rare), more definitely על פני האדמה 1 Mos 6,1; 4 Mos 12,3 + often; על מקום 3 Mos 14,28; Jer 45,5 (uncommon: usually בְּ); 5 Mos 17,20; Es 9,6 על מַמְלַכְתּוֺ upon his realm, 2 Kron 1,1 על בָּֽתִּים very strangely Hos 11,11 (read וַהֲשִׁבֹתִים with ᵐ5 : see 7 c α β); constantly after such verbs as נוח, ישׁב, רכב, etc., 1 Mos 8,4; 2 Mos 11,5 כתב על to write (idiomatic) on a book or other surface, Jos 10,13, etc.; יצא על go forth over 1 Mos 41,45; Zak 5,3; Sl 81,6 with נִשְׁעַן, נִסְמַךְ, בָּטַח (figurative), to lean or trust upon: 1 Mos 3,14 to go עַל גְּחֹנְךָ upon thy belly, 1 Mos 32,32 to limp עַל יְרֵכוֺ upon his thigh, 1 Sam 14,13; Ezk 37,10; Dom 15,8 to smite שׁוֺק עַל יָרֵךְ leg upon thigh, i.e. so that the scattered limbs fall one upon another, Amos 3,15. And with reference not a horizontal surface but to a side, 3 Mos 1,5 + זָרַק עַל to pour against the altar, 1 Kong 6,5; 1 Kong 6,18 to build against the temple, Jos 10,27, etc. Figurative 2 Mos 23,13 let it not be heard עַל פִּיךָ upon thy mouth (in our idiom, upon thy lips, as Ord 22,18), Sl 15,3 לֹא רָגַל עַל לְשֹׁנוֺ he slandereth not (i.e. prepares not slander) upon his tongue, 2 Sam 23,2 וּמִלָּתוֺ עַל לְשׁוֺנִי, Ord 16,23; Ord 16,27; Ord 31,26; Praed 5,1 compare עַל שְׂפָתַיִם נָשָׂא or עַל פֶּה Sl 16,4; Sl 50,16; Ezk 36,3b.

Specially
\ \ a. —
\ \ \ (a) of clothing, etc., which any one wears, 1 Mos 37,23 the tunic אשׁר עליו which was upon him, Jos 9,5; 1 Kong 11,30; Rut 3,15 +; 1 Mos 24,30; 1 Mos 38,30; 2 Sam 13,18, of a sword 2 Sam 20,8; Hoj 3,8 so הָיָה עַל 3 Mos 16,4; 5 Mos 22,5; Ezk 44,18; 1 Kron 15,27; 1 Kron 18,7 (|| 2 Sam 8,7 אֶל); compare לֹא יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ 3 Mos 19,19; Ezk 44,17, and with הֶעֱלָה, below, 7 b.


\ \ \ (b) With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it ('upon' referred to a side) : see גָּנַן, כָּסָה, סָכַךְ, עָטָה Neh 2,8 יד אלהי הטובה עלי, compare vNeh 2,18; Ezr 7,6; Ezr 7,9; Ezr 8,18; Ezr 8,22; Ezr 8,31; 2 Mos 27,21 the veil that is over (i.e. before) the testimony, 1 Sam 25,16 חוֺמָה הָיוּ עָלֵינוּ they were a wall about us; סָגַר עַל to shut in (or down) upon 2 Mos 14,13; Job 12,14; Ezk 13,5; Job 13,27; Job 26,9; Job 36,30 he spreadeth his light עָלָיו about him.


\ \ b. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him, Es 1,14 הָיוּ עָלַי לָטֹרַח they are a cumbrance upon me, Job 7,20 I am a burden עָלַי upon myself, 2 Sam 15,33 (compare with אֶל 2 Sam 19,36); כָּבַד עֶל to be heavy upon 2 Mos 5,9 and elsewhere (see כָּבַד); of sin, calamity, etc. Es 53,5; Ezk 33,10; Sl 88,8; Job 21,9; 2 Kron 15,5; 2 Kron 28,13; Praed 6,1; Praed 8,6 (compare 5 a β); 3 Mos 7,20 וְטֻמְאָתוֺ עָלָיו 3 Mos 22,3: idiomatically, 1 Mos 48,7 מֵתָה עָלַי רָחֵל Rachel died upon me (i.e. to my sorrow), 1 Mos 33,13 וְהַבָּקָר עָלוֺת עָלַי are giving suck upon me (i.e. as a. care to me), 4 Mos 11,13 יִבְכּוּ עָלַי they weep upon me (vexing me), Dom 14,16; Dom 14,17; Dom 19,2 (see Be), 1 Sam 21,6 to play the mad man upon me, Jer 12,11.
\ \ c. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him, as שָׂם עַל to lay upon, 2 Mos 5,8; 2 Mos 21,22; 2 Mos 21,30 (שָׁת), 2 Mos 22,4, compare 1 Mos 47,26; 2 Kron 35,25 with other verbs, Job 38,10; 5 Mos 24,5; 5 Mos 26,6; 2 Kong 15,20; 2 Kong 18,14; 2 Kong 23,33; Neh 10,33 (twice in verse); Est 1,8; Est 9,21; Est 9,27; Est 9,31 with צִוָּה enjoin upon 1 Mos 2,16 + often, כתב prescribe to 2 Kong 22,13; Sl 40,8, נטשׁ cast upon 1 Sam 17,20 (1 Sam 17,22 על יד), נתן על יד (figurative) 1 Mos 42,37; 2 Kong 12,12; 2 Kong 22,5, compare 1 Kong 14,27, עזב Sl 10,14, גלל Sl 37,5, השׁליך Sl 55,23, פקד Job 34,13 and elsewhere; 1 Mos 30,28 נָקְבָה שְׂכָֽרְךָ עָלַי fix thy wages upon me (name thy wages to me), 1 Mos 34,12 הַרְבּוּ עָלַי מְאֹד מֹהַר וּמַתָּן multiply upon me, etc., 2 Sam 19,39 (pregnantly) whatsoever thou choosest (and layest) upon me; without a verb, Dom 19,20 רַק כָּלמַֿחְסֹערךָ עָלָ֑י only let all thy wants be upon me, Ezr 10,4; Sl 56,13 עָלַי נְדָרֶיךָ thy vows are upon me (i.e. I owe them: compare 4 Mos 30,7; 4 Mos 30,9; 4 Mos 30,15), Ord 7,14 זִבְחֵי שְׁלָמִים עָלָ֑י peace-offerings were upon me (= were due from me); perhaps Sl 62,1; Sl 77,1 (to the charge of); with an infinitive 2 Sam 18,11 וְעָלַי לָתֵת and it would have been incumbent on me to give, etc., 1 Kong 4,7; Ezr 10,12 (accents [Baer], RVm), Neh 13,3, compare Zak 12,2 (Ew RVm); 4 Mos 7,9 (P) the service of ... was upon them, Ezk 45,17, so especially late 1 Kron 9,27; 1 Kron 9,33; 1 Kron 23,31; 2 Kron 2,3 לעולם זאת על ישׂראל 2 Kron 8,15; 2 Kron 24,9; Ezr 7,11; Neh 11,23; Es 9,5 and the government is upon, his shoulder (compare Es 22,22), 2 Kron 25,3; Sl 7,11 ׳מָֽגִנִּי עַלאֿ my shield rests upon God (he has undertaken my defence), Sl 62,8 עלאֿלהים יִשְׁעִי וּכְבֹדִי.


\ \ d. על is used idiomatically to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him: Sl 42,6 why art thou cast down, O my soul, וַתֶּהֱמִי עָלַי and disquieted upon me? vSl 42,7 my soul upon me is cast down, vSl 42,12; Sl 43,5; Klg 3,20; Sl 131,2 כְּגָמֻל עֲלֵי אִמּוֺ כַּגָּמוּל עָלַי נַפְשִׁי is my soul upon me; Sl 142,4 בְּהִתְעַטֵף עָלַי רוּחִי when my spirit faints upon me, Sl 143,4; Jon 2,8; Jer 8,18 עָלַי לִבִּי דַרוָָּֽי ׃ my heart upon me is sick, Job 14,22 (twice in verse) (compare Di), Hos 11,8 נהפך עלי לבי my heart is turned (altered) upon me, 1 Sam 17,32; 1 Sam 25,36; Neh 5,7 וַיִמָּלֵךְ לִבִּי עָלַי and my heart took counsel upon me: compare Sl 42,5 I will pour out my soul upon me, Job 30,16; Job 10,1 אעזבה עלי שׂיחי I will let loose my complaint upon me. (Thes apud me, mecum. The rend. 'within me' alters entirely the point of view of the Hebrew expression, and is incorrect.) Denoting with some emphasis the subject of an experience, Job 30,2 עלימו אבד כָּ֑לַךְ, Dan 2,1 his sleep נִהְיְתָה עָלָיו was done with upon him (compare Aramaic Dan 6,19 נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי), Dan 10,8 וְהוֺדִי נֶהְפַּךְ עָלַי (compare Dan 5,9; Dan 7,28): also, rather differently, 3 Mos 18,18b Jer 49,20 אִם לֹא יַשִׁים עֲלֵיהֶם נְוֵהֶם, Mik 7,13; Sl 90,17b; Sl 7,9 according to my perfectness upon me, Ezk 18,20; Ezk 22,3; 2 Kron 36,8.


\ \ e. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support; compare Es 3,1, and Ζῆν ἐπί τινος), 5 Mos 8,3 עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם, Es 38,16 (compare Hi), 1 Mos 27,40 על חרבך תחיה upon ( = by) thy sword thou shalt live (compare Kazwiniii. 17 ap. Tu), Ezk 33,19, compare vEzk 33,26. feminine Of the ground, or basis, on which a thing is done, as 1 Mos 24,9 על הדבר הזה, 3 Mos 17,12 if he offers it עַל תּוֺדָה on the ground of a thanks-giving, 4 Mos 6,21 עַל נִזְרוֺ, vb Ezk 16,15; Ezk 28,17; Dan 8,25 עַל שִׂכְלוֺ, Dan 9,18 עַל צדקותינו, (with this use is extended so as to denote explicitly on condition of). Hence
\ \ \ (a) the basis being conceived as regulative, על comes to denote the norm or standard (compare German 'auf die Art' WAG ii. § 59 i): the transition may be seen in a passage like 2 Mos 24,8 the covenant which ׳י made with you on the basis of (על), or in agreement with, all these words (compare על פי 2 Mos 34,27), 4 Mos 35,24 האלה על המשׁפטים, 5 Mos 17,11; Jer 30,18 the palace shall sit (i.e. be inhabited: see ישׁב) עַל מִשְׁפָּטוֺ in accordance with its manner, Sl 94,20 who frames mischief עֲלֵיחֹֿק in accordance with a law, ... על פי according to the mouth (i.e. command, 1 Mos 45,21 + oft, evidence 5 Mos 17,6; 5 Mos 19,15, sentence 5 Mos 21,5) of . . .; עַל שֵׁם ֗֗֗֗ according to the name of . . . (mostly with call, be called) 1 Mos 48,6; 2 Mos 28,21; 2 Sam 18,18 +, compare 1 Kron 23,14; 2 Mos 6,26; 2 Mos 12,51 על צִבְאֹתָם according to their hosts (usually לְ), 4 Mos 1,18 על משׁפחתם (usually לְ) v4 Mos 1,52; 4 Mos 2,2; 4 Mos 2,34; 4 Mos 7,3 (|| ל), 5 Mos 18,8 (probably); עַל יְדֵי according to the hands (direction) of Jer 5,31; Jer 33,13 al.; Sl 110,4 ׳עַל דִּבְרָתִי מ after the manner of M.; Ord 25,11 (probably) a word spoken עַל אָעפנָיו in accordance with its circumstances = appositely; of the tune according to which a song is to be sung (RV. set to) Sl 6,1 (1 Kron 15,21), Sl 8,1; Sl 9,1; Sl 12,1; Sl 45,1; Sl 46,1 (1 Kron 15,20) עַלעֲֿלָמוֺת (perhaps, however, in the manner of maidens = for 'sopranos'), Sl 53,1; Sl 56,1; Sl 60,1; Sl 69,1; Sl 81,1; Sl 84,1; Sl 88,1 (compare in Syriac ).


\ \ \ (b) The basis being conceived as involving the ground, על denotes the cause or reason, on account of, because of, 1 Mos 20,3 lo thou shalt die עַל הָאִשָּׁה on account of the woman, 1 Mos 21,12; 1 Mos 26,7; 1 Mos 26,9; 1 Mos 27,41; 1 Mos 42,21; 3 Mos 4,3; 3 Mos 4,28; 3 Mos 5,18; 3 Mos 19,17; 3 Mos 26,18; 3 Mos 26,24; 3 Mos 26,28; 5 Mos 9,18; 5 Mos 24,16 fathers shall not be put to death עלבֿנים on account of children, 5 Mos 31,18; Jos 9,20; Jer 1,16; Jer 5,9; Ezk 18,26 עליהם (|| Ezk 33,18 בָּהֶם), Ord 28,21; Sl 39,12; Sl 50,8 + often; Sl 44,23 עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ on thy account are we slain all the day, Sl 69,8; Jer 15,15 in the phrases דְּבַר עַ֗֗֗ל, עַל אוֺדוֺת, עַל זֹאת and עַל זֶה on this account, עַל מָה on what account ? עַלכֵּֿן = therefore (see דָּבָר, אוֺדָה, etc.); before an infinitive, as 2 Mos 17,7 ׳וְעַל נַסּוֺתָם אֶתיֿ and on, account of their trying ׳י, Amos 1,3 עַל דּוּשָׁם on account of their threshing = because they threshed, vAmos 1,6 vAmos 1,9 vAmos 1,11 vAmos 1,13, etc., Jer 2,35 עַל אָמְרֵךְ because of thy saying, Jer 9,12; Jer 16,18 +; and as a conjunction both with and without אֲשֶׁר or כִּי (see below III). And so often of the ground or cause of fear, grief, delight, or other emotions, e.g. 2 Mos 18,9; 2 Mos 32,14 (נִחַם repent: so often), 1 Sam 4,13; 1 Sam 30,6; 2 Sam 1,26; 2 Sam 3,8; 1 Kong 21,4; 2 Kong 6,11; Jer 10,19; Amos 6,6.


\ \ \ (c) Somewhat more strongly, on behalf of, for the sake of, 1 Mos 19,17 escape על נפשׁך forthy life; Dom 9,17; 2 Kong 10,3 נִלְחֵם עַל (usually ל); 1 Kong 2,18 I will speak on thy behalf to the king, v1 Kong 2,19 (2 Kong 4,13 לְ); Est 4,16; Est 4,8; Est 7,7; Est 8,11; Est 9,16; Dan 12,1 על עמד stand up (in late Hebrew) on behalf of; התפלל על intercede for (usually בעד) Job 42,8; Neh 1,6; 2 Kron 30,18; 2 Kron 29,21; Ezr 8,35 and very often with כִּפֶּר (q. v.) make atonement for. (Not very common with other verbs.)


\ \ \ (d) Sometimes it acquires almost a final force, for; 2 Mos 12,4; 2 Mos 29,36; 2 Mos 30,16; 5 Mos 27,13 there shall stand עַלהַֿקְּלָלָה (|| v5 Mos 27,12 לְבָרֵךְ), Sl 89,4 עַלמַֿהשָּֿׁוְא בָּרָאתָ כָלעֿבּנֵיאָֿדָם unto what vanity hast thou created, etc.! Ord 29,5b 2 Kron 23,18; Praed 3,17.


\ \ \ (e) Of a condition, or attendant circumstances (rare; so , WAG ii § 59 e): Sl 50,5 זָ֑בַח׃ עֲלֵי upon, with sacrifice, Sl 92,4 ׳עֲלי עָשׂוֺר וגו with a ten-stringed instrument, with a harp, with sounding music on a lyre; עַל רִיב upon occasion of a law-suit 2 Mos 23,2; Ezk 44,24, עַל יוֺם טוֺב 1 Sam 25,8 (compare at a time of. . . Qor 28:14), Neh 12,22 (? read עַד BeRy), Es 18,4 כְּחֹם צַח עֲלֵי אוֺר at time of sunshine, Es 64,11 עַל אֵלֶּה, Jer 8,18 עֲלֵי יָגוֺן at time of sorrow, Jer 16,7 (but Gie עַל אָבֵל to): with abstract substantives to form a periphrase for adverbs, 3 Mos 5,22 and swear עַל שֶׁקֶר upon falseness = falsely, Jer 6,14 = Jer 8,11 to heal a wound עַל נְקַלָּה lightly, easily, Sl 31,24 עַל יֶתֶר = abundantly, Es 60,7 עַל רָצוֺן = acceptably (compare = with delight).


\ \ \ (f) It hence acquires the force of in spite of, notwithstanding (so , WAG ii. § 59 h), Job 10,7 עַל דַּעְתְּךָ in spite of thy knowing, Job 34,6 משׁפטי על notwithstanding my right I am to be a liar (Di De Da RV: otherwise Hi RVm). compare below, III c b.


\ \ \ (g) Upon, concerning, with verbs of speaking, as דִּבֶּר Dom 9,3; 1 Kong 5,13, אָמַר, Jer 16,3; Jer 27,19 (|| אל) Jer 33,4, hearing 1 Mos 41,15 שָׁמַעְתִּי עָלֶיךָ I have heard concerning thee, saying, etc., 1 Kong 10,6; Es 37,9 (|| 2 Kong 19,9 אל), disputing 1 Mos 26,11, telling 1 Sam 27,11; Joel 1,3, commanding 2 Sam 14,8; 1 Kong 11,10, being vexed 1 Kong 21,4; 2 Kong 6,11, crying 2 Kong 8,5, confessing Sl 32,5; Neh 1,6 of the object of a prophecy or vision 1 Kong 22,8; Es 1,1; Es 2,1 and often with similar verbs.


\ \ \ (h) In a somewhat weaker sense, in the matter of, as regards, 1 Mos 41,32 וְעַל הִשָּׁנוֺת הַחֲלוֺם, 2 Mos 22,8; Rut 4,7; 3 Mos 5,22; 3 Mos 5,26; Dan 9,14b Neh 9,33 חָטָא עַל 3 Mos 4,14 (|| בָּהּ v3 Mos 4,23, cognate accusative v3 Mos 4,28), 3 Mos 5,5; 4 Mos 6,11; Neh 13,26 עַלדְּֿבַר ֗֗֗ in the matter of, 4 Mos 25,18; 4 Mos 31,16.

2. It expresses excess (synonym מִן q. v.); 1 Mos 48,22 I give thee שְׁכֶם אַחַר עַל אַחֶיךָ one shoulder (ridge) above thy brethren, 2 Mos 16,5 מִשְׁנֶה על double above or beyond, 4 Mos 3,46; 5 Mos 25,3 stripes עַלאֵֿלֶּה beyond these, Jos 3,15 Jordan מָלֵא עַל was full over all its banks (compare Jos 4,18; Es 8,7b הלך על, עלה) Sl 138,2; Praed 1,16; Dan 1,20 עֶשֶׂר יָדוֺת עַל ten times above (compare in Aramaic Dan 3,19, and Qor 37:153), Ezr 1,6 לְבַר עַל = beside (see בַּד); Sl 16,2 (si vera lectio) טוֺבָתִי בַל עָלֶיךָ my welfare is not beyond thee, i.e. does not lie outside thee. — Of time, 3 Mos 15,25 if she has an issue עַל נִדָּתָהּ beyond her time of impurity (compare Es 32,10, 4 b).

3. It denotes elevation or pre-eminence, as עליון על high (figurative) above, 5 Mos 26,19 al., 5 Mos 28,43 יעלה עליך will go up above thee, compare Ord 31,29; Sl 57,6; Sl 57,12 be thou exalted above the heavens, Sl 89,8; Sl 95,3; Sl 96,4, etc., Neh 9,5 with words (q. v.) such as גכר, גדל, חזק, נשׂא (Ni. Pi`el Hithpa`el), עזז, and especially those denoting rule or superintendence, as מלך, הפקיד; so with שָׁת, היה, נתן, 1 Mos 41,33; 1 Mos 41,40; 1 Mos 41,43 שׂם; 1 Sam 18,5 with פָּקִיד, שַׂר, מֶלֶךְ, etc., 1 Mos 41,34; 2 Mos 1,11; 2 Mos 18,21, etc.; absolute 2 Sam 8,16 Joab was עלהֿצבא over the host, 2 Sam 20,23 b. v2 Sam 20,24; 1 Kong 4,4–6; 1 Kong 5,30; 4 Mos 10,14ff.; 1 Kron 9,23; 1 Kron 9,26ff. 1 Kron 27,25ff.; 2 Kron 30,17; 2 Kron 31,12 אֲשֶׁר עַל בֵּיתוֺ of Joseph's steward 1 Mos 43,16; 1 Mos 43,19; 1 Mos 44,1; 1 Mos 44,4 and in the official titles אֲשֶׁר עַלהַֿבַּיִת = the Governor of the Palace Es 22,15 and elsewhere (see כַּיִת 6); אֲשֶׁר עַלהַֿמַּם the overseer of the forced labour 1 Kong 12,18 אשׁר עלהֿעיר the governor of the city 2 Kong 10,5, אשׁר על המלתחה v2 Kong 10,22.

4. It expresses addition (compare ἐπὶ in Greek, e.g.ἐπὶ τούτοις); namely
\ \ a. introducing the complement of a verb, as with יָסַף to add upon or to, Sl 61,7 + often (see יָסַף), שָׁת to put to 1 Mos 30,40, נִלְוָה to be joined to 4 Mos 18,24; Es 14,1 (also with אֶל), נָפַל: to fall to, i.e. desert to, Jer 21,9 +, עכר to pass over to 2 Mos 30,13; 2 Mos 30,14; Es 45,14 (compare Es 60,5); also Hab 2,16 תִּסֹּב כּוֺם עַל Klg 4,21; Est 4,7 נֶחְשַׁב to be reckoned to 3 Mos 25,31; 2 Sam 4,2, היה על 4 Mos 36,12; Sl 69,28 תְּנָה עָוֺן עַל עֲוֺנָם, Es 56,8 עוֺר אֲקַבֵּץ עָלָיו I will yet gather (others) unto him.


\ \ b. Used absolutely, as 1 Mos 28,9 he took Mahalath עַל נָשָׁיו in addition to his (other) wives, 1 Mos 31,50 (compare אל 3 Mos 18,18), 4 Mos 31,8 עַל חַלְלֵיהֶם in addition to their slain (|| Jos 13,22 אֶל), 5 Mos 23,14; Ezk 16,37; Ezk 16,43; Ezk 25,10; Es 32,10 יָמִים עַל שָׁנָה days upon, in addition to, a year, 2 Kron 31,15 יָמִים עַל יָמִים, Ezk 7,26 הֹוָה עַל הֹוָה תָבוֺא (|| אל), Jer 4,20 (if נִקְרָא = be proclaimed), Job 16,14 יִפְרְצֵנִי פֶרֶץ עַלפְּֿנֵיפָֿ֑רֶץ (compare LagM iii. 112; also Iliad 14:130 ἕλκος ἐφ’ ἕλκει, Odyssey 7:120f; Qoran 31:13). So often in laws of P (compare c), 3 Mos 7,12 he shall offer עַלזֶֿבַת הַתּוֺרָה in addition to the sacrifice of thanksgiving, etc., v3 Mos 7,13 b 4 Mos 6,20; 4 Mos 15,9; 4 Mos 28,10; 4 Mos 28,15; 4 Mos 28,24 (compare מִלְּבַר v4 Mos 28,31; 4 Mos 29,6), 4 Mos 35,6; Ezk 16,43 (Hi Sm RV: compare Ezk 44,7 אל).


\ \ c. Hence by an easy transition it denotes together with, with, 2 Mos 35,22 men together with (עַל) women, Job 38,32 וְעַיִשׁ עַלבָּֿנֶיהָ תַנְחֵם and the Bear with her children, wilt thou lead them? 1 Kong 15,20; Jer 3,18 the house of Israel with the house of Judah, Mik 5,2 (Ca Ke Kue; but al. as 7 c a), 1 Mos 32,12 lest he come and smite me, אֵם עַל בָּנִים the mother with the children (compare Hos 10,14; 5 Mos 22,6); and as a techn. term in the regulations for sacrifice, especially with אכל, 2 Mos 12,8, יאֹכְלֻהוּ עַלמְֿדֹרִים together with bitter herbs they shall eat it, v2 Mos 12,9 his head with (על) his legs, etc., 4 Mos 9,11; 5 Mos 16,3 לֹאתֿאֹכַל עָלָיו חָמֵץ (compare 2 Mos 23,18; 2 Mos 34,25), v2 Mos 34,3 in the phrase אכל על הדם to eat with the blood 1 Sam 14,32; 1 Sam 14,33 (1 Sam 14,34 אל), 3 Mos 19,26; Ezk 33,25 (compare in Greek e.g. ἐπὶ τῷ σίτῳ πίνειν ὕδωρ); see also 3 Mos 2,2; 3 Mos 2,16; 3 Mos 3,4 (so v3 Mos 3,10 v3 Mos 3,15; 3 Mos 4,9; 3 Mos 7,4), 3 Mos 4,11; 3 Mos 7,13a, 3 Mos 7,30; 3 Mos 10,15; 3 Mos 14,31; 3 Mos 23,18; 3 Mos 23,20; 4 Mos 6,17; 4 Mos 19,5; 1 Kron 7,4.

5. It expresses the idea of being suspended, or extended, over anything, without however being in contact with it, above, over: 1 Mos 1,20 let fowl fly over the earth, 1 Mos 19,23 השׁמשׁ יצא על had come forth upon the earth (compare זרח על 2 Mos 22,2 +; בא על go down [set] upon 5 Mos 24,15; Mik 3,6; Job 25,3), 4 Mos 10,34; 4 Mos 14,14 and thy cloud stood עליהם over them, 5 Mos 28,23 the heavens עלרֿאשׁך above overthy head, Es 4,5; Es 60,1; Es 60,2; Sef 2,11; Zak 9,14; Sl 7,8 over it return thou on high, Job 29,3 בְּהִלּוֺ נֵרוֺ עֲלֵי ראֹשִׁי (compare דעך לְ be extinguished over, Job 18,6), Hoj 2,4 his banner over me: figurative of protection 5 Mos 32,38; Sl 68,35: with verbs of motion (expressed or implied), נשׁקף על to incline over 1 Sam 13,18 +, ידו על נטה) 2 Mos 14,16; Es 23,11 + (compare Sl 21,12), הניף על to swing over Es 11,15; Es 19,16 השׁמיע על to proclaim over Jer 4,16; Amos 3,9, compare 4 Mos 10,10; 2 Kron 13,12, שׁם על נקרא a name to be called over 2 Sam 12,28 + (see קרא).

6. From the sense of inclining or impending over, על comes to denote contiguity or proximity, English by (or sometimes on): —
\ \ a. in designating localities, especially those beside water, 1 Mos 14,16 עַלהַֿמִּדְבָּר by the wilderness, 1 Mos 16,17 עַל עֵין הַמַּיִם by the spring of water, 1 Mos 24,13; 1 Mos 24,30; 1 Mos 29,2 three flocks lying עָלֶיהָ by it (the well), 1 Mos 41,1; 4 Mos 3,26; 4 Mos 13,29 עלהֿים by the sea, 4 Mos 22,5; 4 Mos 24,6 gardens עֲלֵי נָהָר. 5 Mos 3,12; 5 Mos 33,8; Dom 5,19; 1 Sam 1,9 ׳על מזוזת היכל י (Ezk 46,2), 1 Sam 4,1; 2 Kong 2,7 and they stood עלהֿירדן by the Jordan, 2 Kong 25,4; Es 19,7; Es 38,20; Sl 1,3 planted by water-courses, Jer 17,2; Jer 17,8; Job 30,4; Job 31,9 על פתח by the entrance, Ord 14,19, + often; על הדרך by the way 1 Mos 38,21; 1 Sam 24,4; Ezk 48,24ff. על גבולו adjoining his border; עבר על to pass by a place 1 Kong 9,18; Jer 18,16 +, figurative עבר על פשׁע to pass by transgression, i.e. to overlook it, Mik 7,18 and elsewhere: על יְמִין ֗֗֗ on the right of ... Sl 110,5 +, עַליַד ֗֗֗ , עַל יֶרֶךְ ֗֗֗ , עַל כֶּתֶף ֗֗֗ on the side of ... (see these words): less frequently (except as c) with reference to persons, 4 Mos 2,5 וְהַחֹנִים עָלָיו and those encamping next him, v4 Mos 2,12 v4 Mos 2,20 v4 Mos 2,27; 4 Mos 6,9 וכי ימות מת עליו, 2 Kong 11,11 by the king round about (compare 4 Mos 3,26 above), ׳עבר על פ 1 Mos 18,5; 2 Kong 4,9 +.


\ \ b. 2 Sam 9,7; 2 Sam 9,10 to eat bread ׳עַל שֻׁלְחַן פּ at any one's table, 2 Mos 16,3 when we sat עַלסִֿיר הַבָּשָׂר, 1 Sam 20,24 Kt to sit עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם at meat; 1 Sam 25,13; 1 Sam 30,24 to remain עַלהַֿכֵּלִים; Ord 23,30 to tarry long עלהֿיין at (or over) the wine, Job 39,9 עַלאֲֿבוֶּ˜סךָ ׃ at thy crib: compare הַיּוֺשֵׁב עַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט Es 28,6.


\ \ c. Idiomatically, with עָמַד and נִצַּב to stand by (literally over, — originally no doubt with reference to one supposed to be seated), 1 Mos 18,2 three men נִצָּבִים עָלָיו standing by him, v1 Mos 18,8 and he עֹמֵד עליו standing by him under the tree, 1 Mos 24,30 by the camels, 1 Mos 28,13; 1 Sam 4,20; 2 Sam 1,9; 2 Sam 12,17; 2 Sam 20,11; 2 Sam 20,12; Amos 7,7 especially of persons standing about a superior, as servants or courtiers, 1 Mos 45,1; Dom 3,19; 1 Sam 22,6; 1 Sam 22,7; 1 Sam 22,17, of persons surrounding a judge 2 Mos 18,13; 2 Mos 18,14, of ׳י's heavenly ministers, 1 Kong 22,19 (compare Es 6,2 ממעל לו), Zak 4,16, and with התיצב Zak 6,5; Job 1,6; Job 2,1 also of one standing by (properly leaning over) an altar or sacrifice 4 Mos 23,3; 4 Mos 23,6; 1 Kong 13,1 (compare 7 b) Amos 9,1 of an Ashérah by an altar Dom 6,25; Dom 6,28 (compare אֵצֶל 5 Mos 16,21).

7. In connection with verbs of motion (actual or figurative): —
\ \ a. of motion from a higher place downwards, down upon: thus
\ \ \ (a) המטיר על to rain upon 1 Mos 2,5; 1 Mos 19,24, ירד על 1 Mos 15,11, יצק על to pour upon 1 Mos 28,18, ׳נפל על צוארי פ 1 Mos 33,4, נפל על פניו to fall on his (own) face 1 Mos 17,3; 1 Mos 17,17, שׂם על to put upon, 1 Mos 21,14; 1 Mos 22,6; 1 Mos 22,9; 1 Mos 24,47 (1 Mos 24,22 Sam Di), נתן על כף to place on the hand of ... 1 Mos 40,11; 1 Mos 40,21, השׁליך על 2 Sam 20,12, etc.; compare Job 29,22 וְעָלֵימוֺ תִּטֹּף מִלָּתִי, Mik 3,5; Nah 3,12.


\ \ \ (b) In different figurative connections, as of sleep falling upon one, 1 Mos 2,21; 1 Mos 15,12 of fear 1 Mos 9,2; 1 Sam 11,7 (see פַּחַד, חֲרָרָה, אֵימָה); of good or bad fortune, especially the latter, coming upon one, as with בוא and הביא, 1 Mos 27,12; 5 Mos 28,2 (in good sense), v5 Mos 28,15, Jer 5,12; Jer 19,3 (רעה, as often); of retribution, reproach, the Divine wrath, etc., with different verbs (הביא, נתן, ירד, חול, היה, etc.), as 1 Mos 20,9; 4 Mos 12,11 חטאה; 1 Mos 42,36 עַלַי הָיוּ כֻלָּנָה upon me are they all; 4 Mos 18,5 + (היה קֶצֶף על); 5 Mos 19,10 דם (compare אל 2 Sam 21,2 ᵐ5 We Dr), Dom 9,24; 1 Kong 2,32; 2 Sam 16,8; Hos 12,15; 2 Sam 3,29; 2 Sam 15,14; 1 Sam 11,2 חרפה; Jer 14,16; Jer 26,15 דם נקי (|| אל), Jon 1,14; Ezk 7,3; Ezk 7,4; Ezk 7,8; Ezk 23,40; Ezk 36,29; Sl 7,17; Sl 94,2; Sl 94,23; Sl 109,5 וישׂימו עלי רעה תחת טובה (lay upon me: but Hu וישיבו, Ord 17,13), Ord 140,11 שָׁפַךְ חֵמָה על Ezk 7,8 + often; without a verb, 1 Mos 16,5 חֲמָסִי עָלֶיךָ my wrong be upon thee, Jer 51,35 (|| אל); 1 Mos 27,13 עלי קללתך; 1 Mos 38,29 (accents, RVm); 2 Sam 1,16 דמיך על ראשׁך; 2 Sam 14,9 עָלַי הֶעָוֺן; Es 24,17; Jer 48,43; Jer 50,27; Ezk 13,3 הוֺי על ֗֗֗ ; Sl 55,16 Kt.; of a blessing, 2 Mos 32,29; Sl 3,9, a curse 5 Mos 30,7, mercies (probably conceived specifically as descending from heaven) Sl 33,22; Sl 86,13; Sl 90,17; Sl 103,17 (with גבר be mighty over or upon, vSl 33,11; Sl 117,2), Sl 116,12; Sl 145,9; Ezr 3,11, שׁלום Sl 125,6; Sl 128,6; 1 Kron 22,9.


\ \ \ (c) Introducing the object upon which an action, or emotion, especially if accompanied by a gesture, is conceived as being directed (but with some of these words, especially when they refer to an event, rather than a person, as 2 Mos 18,9, על is to be explained from 1 f b). Thus with verbs denoting the manifestation of joy or grief, as שׂושׂ to rejoice over, גיל, שׂמח, התענג, התפאר, שׂחק, אבל, ספד, שׁמם, בכה Dom 11,37 +, נשׂא (משׁל) קינה to take up a lament, or proverb, over (see these words); probably also in הִנָּבֵא על prophecy over Ezk 11,4; Ezk 13,17 +; with חוּס, חָמַל, רִחַם to shew compassion on (compare 1 Kong 3,26 [1 Mos 43,30 אל], Hoj 5,4 [Jer 31,20 ל]); with שׁמר, שׁקד, הֵעִיר (Job 8,6) to guard or watch over; with יעץ to counsel upon Es 14,26 +, חשׁב to devise (usually in bad sense, Jer 29,11 in good), דִּבֶּר (רעה Jer 11,17 +, טובה Jer 18,20; Jer 32,42), הֵקִים דָּבָר Jer 29,10. Of more distinctly phys. acts, with בכה to weep on 1 Mos 45,14; 1 Mos 45,15 +, שׁרק to hiss, ספק or תקע כף to clap the hand, הִכָּה כף Ezk 22,13 (|| אל); Es 5,30 to growl over, Es 31,4; Ezk 36,2; Job 30,5 הִתְוַדָּה to confess over (the goat), 3 Mos 16,21; 2 Mos 30,10a (probably); 5 Mos 21,6; Job 6,27; Job 40,30.


\ \ b. From a lower place upwards, up upon, up to, as עלה על to go up upon: 2 Mos 20,26; 1 Sam 2,28; 1 Kong 12,33b 2 Kong 16,12b 2 Kron 1,6 (an altar, i.e. to a ledge beside it; compare 2 Kong 23,9, and ירד 3 Mos 9,22; 1 Kong 1,53); Dom 9,51; Es 14,14; Es 40,9, etc.; to come up upon (in different connections) 2 Mos 10,12; 3 Mos 16,9 (figurative), 3 Mos 19,19; 1 Sam 1,11; 1 Sam 6,7; 1 Kong 10,16; 1 Kong 10,17 figurative עלה על לב Es 65,17 + (see לב, לבב, 3 d); in Hiph`il 1 Kong 20,33 וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ עַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה, Amos 8,10 (compare 1 a a), 2 Sam 1,24; Ezk 37,6; Sl 137,6 (figurative), 2 Kron 3,5; 2 Kron 3,14 (= ornamented with); 5 Mos 28,61 (compare 2 Mos 15,26 b); 2 Kron 20,34 the history of Jehu which הֹעֲלָח עַל was brought up upon (i.e. inserted in) the book of, etc. (compare 2 Kron 32,32 and כתב על above 1); compare נטה יד עלהֿשׁמים up to heaven 2 Mos 9,22; 2 Mos 10,21; 2 Mos 17,16.


\ \ c. Expressing direction towards (not common, except in sense against: see below) —
\ \ \ (a) with verbs of motion, properly of a person (or thing) moving to another so as either to stand above, or rest upon, it (compare PuseyMin. Pr. 333), 2 Mos 34,12 הארץ אשׁר אתה בא עליה (simile, of a land, or place, 2 Mos 18,23; 4 Mos 11,12; 1 Kong 2,26 עֲנָתֹת לֵךָ עַלשָֿׂדֶיךָ, Ezk 32,9; Jer 3,18 b Jer 16,13; Jer 22,26, and after שׁוּב or הֵשִׁיב Jer 16,15; Jer 22,27; Jer 23,3; Jer 24,6 [but אֶל Jer 27,22; Jer 30,3 al.], Ezk 29,14; 1 Mos 40,13 וֶהֱשִׁיבְךָ עלכַּֿנָּ֑ךָ, 1 Mos 41,13; 1 Mos 30,33 כִּי תָבאֹ עַל שְׂכָרִי to view my hire; בא על נפשׁ מֵת to enter in upon or beside a corpse; בא על אשׁה 1 Mos 19,31; 5 Mos 25,5 (usually אל); Jos 3,16 מַיִם יֹרְדִים עַל יָם, Ezk 47,8; 1 Kong 18,12 יִשָּֽׂאֲךָ עַלאֲֿשֶׁר לֹאאֵֿדָ֑ע, Sl 19,7; 2 Kong 16,12; 2 Kron 20,24; Es 53,1 upon whom (coming from above) was ׳י's arm revealed? Es 62,10 העמים הרימו נֵס על over towards (but Es 49,22 אל): but often it is dubious if this force is perceptible; and in general על in such cases seems to be used merely as a synonym — perhaps as a slightly more graphic synonym — of אֶל (compare p. 41); in the later language, also, it may be due partly to the influence of Aramaic, which does not use אֶל; thus
\ \ \ (a) with a personal object, with assemble or be assembled, 2 Mos 32,1; 2 Sam 17,11; 1 Kong 8,5; 1 Kong 11,24; 2 Kong 22,20 (2 Kron 34,28 and usually אל), 2 Kron 13,7, עלה 1 Mos 38,12; Jos 2,8; 1 Sam 14,10 (1 Sam 14,9 v1 Sam 14,12 אל), עבר 1 Sam 14,4 (1 Sam 14,1 אל), בא 2 Sam 15,4 (see Dr) 1 Kron 12,23f., יצא 2 Kong 24,12, הוליך 2 Kong 25,20, נגע Dom 20,34; Dom 20,41 (compare Es 6,7; Jer 1,9), נס Es 10,3, הלך Es 22,15 (אל ֗֗֗ על), נשׂא Es 30,6, שׁלח 2 Kong 18,27 (על ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על: || Es 36,12 אל ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על), Jer 26,15; Jer 29,31; 1 Kron 13,2; 2 Kron 28,16; 2 Kron 30,1; 2 Kron 32,9; 2 Kron 32,31; 2 Kron 36,15; Neh 6,3, נגשׁ Ezk 9,6, שׁב, השׁיב Neh 4,6; Mal 3,24 (see c), followed by ׳על י 2 Kron 15,4; 2 Kron 30,9, התיצּב 2 Kron 11,13 letters going ׳על פ Neh 2,7; Neh 6,17 a (v:b אל). (β) of places, 1 Mos 24,49; 2 Sam 2,19 + על ימין to the right; with הלך 1 Sam 2,11; 1 Kong 20,43 עלבֿיתו (1 Kong 21,4 אל), 2 Sam 15,20 ואני הולך על אשׁר אני הולך, Jer 1,7; Ezk 1,20 (Ezk 1,12 אל), הוליך 1 Kong 1,38 (1 Kong 1,33 אל), נהר Mik 4,1 (|| Es 2,2 אל), Jer 31,12 (אל ֗֗֗ על), נגשׁ Ezk 44,13 (|| אל), עלה 1 Sam 24,23; 2 Sam 19,1; 1 Kong 6,8 (|| אל), Ezk 41,7, בא Jer 14,3; Jer 51,51, (על הר) הביא Es 66,20 (Es 56,7 אל), ירד Jer 36,12, הִטָּה Ord 21,1, הסיר 2 Sam 6,10 (|| 1 Kron 13,13 אל), נתן Es 29,12 (Es 29,11 אל) Mik 1,14; Mik 3,5; 1 Mos 42,37, השׁיב, שׁב, 4 Mos 33,7; Jer 11,10 (figurative, עַל עֲוֺנוֺת), Sl 35,13; Job 34,15 (1 Mos 3,19 אל), Ord 26,11; Praed 1,6; 1 Kong 17,21; 1 Kong 17,22 (compare 1 Sam 30,12 אל), השׁתחוה 3 Mos 26,11 (probably), Es 60,14 pregnantly Es 24,22 אֻסְּפוּ עַל בּוֺר be collected (and delivered) into a dungeon: compare חוּשׁ עַל Job 31,5 (figurative), also to requite עַלחֵֿיק Es 65,6; Es 65,7 Kt. (Jer 32,18; Sl 79,12 אל). After נראה appear, Sl 90,16 (אל ֗֗֗ על). And as far as, unto (nearly = יַד) 1 Mos 49,13 וְיַרְכָתוֺעַל צִידוֺן, Jos 2,7; Jos 18,13; Jos 19,12; Jer 31,39; Ezk 47,18; Ezk 48,21; Ezk 48,28; Sl 48,11; 1 Kron 5,16.


\ \ \ (b) With אמר say to, 2 Kong 22,8; Jer 18,11 (אל ֗֗֗ על), Jer 22,6; Jer 23,2; Jer 23,35 (על ֗֗֗ אל), Jer 36,29; Jer 44,20 (אל ֗֗֗ על), דבר 1 Sam 1,13 (1 Mos 24,45 אל), 1 Kong 9,5; Hos 12,11; Jer 6,10; Jer 10,1; Jer 11,2 (אל ֗֗֗ על), speak to Jer 25,2 (על ֗֗֗ אל), Jer 26,2, compare Est 1,17, ׳היה דבר י Jer 25,1; 1 Kron 22,8 compare 1 Kron 11,10, ענה 2 Sam 19,43, קרא Es 34,14; 2 Kron 32,18, שִׁוַּע Sl 18,42, הֵרַע 1 Kong 17,20, שֹׁרֵר, שָׁר sing Ord 25,20; Job 33,27, החליק Ord 29,5 ( Sl 36,3 אל), התפלל 1 Sam 1,10, כתב 2 Kron 30,1; Ezr 4,7; Est 8,8, שׁמע 2 Kong 20,13 ( = Es 39,2), Es 22,13; Jer 23,16; Jer 26,5; Jer 35,18; Hag 1,12 see also הקשׁיב, האזין, הבין, התבונן, השׂכיל.


\ \ \ (c) Expressing (or implying) the direction of the mind, 2 Sam 14,1 לב המלך על אבשׁלם; Mal 3,24; Ezr 6,22; Hoj 7,11 וְעָלַי תְּשׁוּקָתוֺ (1 Mos 3,16; 1 Mos 4,7 אל); שָׂם לִבּוֺ על Job 1,8 (Job 2,3 אל), 1 Sam 25,25 (אל ֗֗֗ על); Jer 22,17 thy eyes and thy heart are only (set) upon (על) ..., 1 Kron 12,17; 1 Kong 1,20; 2 Kron 20,12 עֵינֵינוּ כִּי עָלֶיךָ (elsewhere אל), 1 Kong 2,15 עָלַי שָׂמוּ פניהם, Sl 146,5 ׳שִׂבְרוֺ על י; Es 10,25 וְאַפִּי עלתַּֿבְלִיתָם be (directed) towards their destruction, Jer 32,31 (Gf Ew compare RV); compare שׁעה על look to (trustfully) Es 17,7; Es 31,1. (The uses a, b, c are all exceptional: אל would be regularly employed.)


\ \ \ (d) With the force of over and towards (compare 5 and 7 a b, end): Sl 65,5 נוֺרָא עֲלִילָה עַל; to shine, etc. on, Sl 31,17 הָאִירָה פָנֶיךָ עַל (4 Mos 6,25 אל); רָאָה עַל 2 Mos 5,21 הוֺפִיעַ עַל Job 10,3 וְשַׂמְתִּי עֵינִי עַל Amos 9,4 + (compare Job 14,3; Job 24,3; Job 34,21); הִשְׁקִיף עַל look out over Sl 14,3 +.


\ \ d. In a hostile sense, upon, against: so very often, after every kind of verb expressing or implying attack, as בא 1 Mos 34,25; 1 Mos 34,27, נֶאֱסַף v1 Mos 34,30, קצף to be angry 1 Mos 40,2, לון to murmur 2 Mos 15,24 עמד stand up 3 Mos 19,16 +, קָם rise up 5 Mos 19,11; Amos 7,9, נלחם 5 Mos 20,10, חנה 1 Sam 11,1; Sl 27,3, עלה 2 Kong 17,3, חרה אף Zak 10,3 (usually בְּ), שׁפך סללה Es 37,33, צוּר besiege 5 Mos 20,12, חשׁב to devise 1 Mos 50,20; Jer 11,19, דִּבֶּר 5 Mos 13,6 +, etc.: add Job 16,4 (twice in verse); Job 16,9; Job 16,10; Job 16,13; Job 19,12; Job 21,27; Job 30,12, etc.; היה על 2 Sam 11,23; 4 Mos 31,3: הִנְנִי לַיִךְ (see אֶל 4); note also Dom 9,31; Dom 20,5: without a verb Es 9,20; Dom 16,12 פלשׁתים עליך the Philistines are upon thee, Dom 20,9 עָלֶיהָ בְּגוֺרָל Against it by lot !

8. By writers of the silver age, על is sometimes used with the force of a dative, 1 Kron 13,2 אִם עֲלֵיבֶם טוֺב (in classical Hebrew בְּעֵינֵיכֶם) if it seems good to you, אִם עַל הַמֶּלֶךְ טוֺב Neh 2,5; Neh 2,7; Est 1,19; Est 3,9; Est 5,4; Est 5,8; Est 7,3; Est 8,5; Est 9,13 (compare in Aramaic Ezr 5,17; Ezr 7,18); עַל שָׁפַר Sl 16,6 (compare in Aramaic Dan 4,24); עָרַב עַל Sl 104,34 (elsewhere לְ); רַע לְ Praed 2,17 (see De; compare בְּאֵשׁ עַל Dan 6,15): compare Job 22,2 סָכַן על be profitable to, Job 33,23 also גָּמַל עַל (in both good and bad sense: see גמל), Neh 5,19 עשׂה על, Neh 9,30 משׁך על prolong (mercy) to; הִטָּה חֶסֶד עַל Ezr 7,28; Ezr 9,9 (1 Mos 39,21 אל): 1 Sam 20,8 read probably עם for על. compare Mishna חביב על, dear to; סני על hateful to; Syriac , , pleasant, acceptable to. — compare in general the uses of , WAG ii. § 59.

9. With other particles: — עַל אַחֲרֵי Ezk 41,15 עַל בֵּין Ezk 19,11 (compare אל Ezk 31,10; Ezk 31,14); עַל לִפְנֵי Ezk 40,15 עַל מֵעַל Ezk 41,17 (text dubious), vEzk 41,20 עַל עֵבֶר 2 Mos 25,37 (compare אל Ezk 1,9; Ezk 1,12); עַלבָּֿ֫כָה Est 9,26. — On עַליַֿד, עַליְֿדֵי, עַל פִּי, עַלפְּֿנֵי, see יָד, פֶּה, פָּנִים.

III. As conjunction: a. עַל אֲשֶׁר because that . . . (compare above, II 1 f b), 2 Mos 32,35 and ׳י plagued the people על אשׁר עשׂו because they had made, etc., 4 Mos 20,24; 5 Mos 29,24 (in answer to על מה: so 1 Kong 9,9; Jer 16,11; Jer 22,9), Jer 32,51 (twice in verse); 1 Sam 24,6; 2 Sam 3,30; 2 Sam 6,8; 2 Sam 8,10; 2 Sam 12,6; Sl 119,49 +.

b. עַל כִּי similar in meaning, but less frequent: 5 Mos 31,17; Dom 3,12; Jer 4,28; Mal 2,14; Sl 139,14.


\ \ c. עַל alone:
\ \ \ (a) because, 1 Mos 31,20 (E) עַל בְּלִי הִגִּיד, Sl 119,136 עַל לֹא.
\ \ \ (b) notwithstanding that (above, 1 f f), although, Es 53,9 חָמָס עָשָׂה עַל לֹא although he did no violence, Job 16,7 עַל לֹא חָמָס בְּכַפָּ֑י.

IV. Compounds: —

1. with כְּ (rare and late),
\ \ a. as concerning, as upon Sl 119,14 כְּעַל כָּלהֿוֺן, 2 Kron 32,19.
\ \ b. (pleon. for כְּ), Es 59,18 כְּעַל גְּמֻלוֺת כְּעַל יְשַׁלֵּם the like of their deeds is the like of (that which) he will repay (כְּעַל repeated on the analogue of כְּ 4 Mos 15,15; Hos 4,9: see כְּ) = according to their deeds is (that which) he will repay, Es 63,7 according to.

2. מֵעַל304 from upon, from over, from by — used with much delicacy of application in many different connections, corresponding mostly with the different senses of על. Thus
\ \ a. from upon idiomatically, when removal, motion, etc., from a surface is involved, as מעל האדמה, מעל פני האדמה from upon (the face of) the ground, usually with expel, destroy, perish, etc. 1 Mos 4,14; 1 Mos 6,7; 1 Mos 7,4; 2 Mos 32,12; 5 Mos 6,15; 5 Mos 28,21; 5 Mos 28,63 + often, especially Jeremiah and compiler of Kings; to be lifted up הארץ מעל 1 Mos 7,17; Ezk 1,19; Ezk 1,21 +, to return or be dried (of water) מעל הארץ 1 Mos 8,3; 1 Mos 8,7; 1 Mos 8,11; 1 Mos 8,13 to roll a stone מֵעַל פִּי הַבְּאֵד 1 Mos 29,3 of the cloud departing האהל מעל 4 Mos 9,17; 4 Mos 12,10, compare Neh 9,19 to rise up הַכִּסֵּא מֵעַל Dom 3,20; 1 Kong 2,4, מֵעַל מִשְׁכָּבוֺ 2 Sam 11,2 to alight מֵעַל הַגָּמָל (נָפַלׅ 1 Mos 24,64 (compare Jos 15,18 צנח, 1 Sam 25,23 ירד), ירד מֵעַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה Dom 4,15; 2 Kong 5,21 (נפל); to take מֵעַל ראֹשׁ 1 Mos 40,19; 2 Sam 12,30, מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ 3 Mos 16,12; 4 Mos 17,11; Es 6,6 to see מֵעַל הַגָּנ 2 Sam 11,2 to shoot מֵעַל הַחוֺמָה v2 Sam 11,20 v2 Sam 11,24 to speak מֵעַל הַכַּפֹּרֶת 2 Mos 25,22; 4 Mos 7,89 to cast down מֵעַל יָדַיִם 5 Mos 9,17; 3 Mos 8,28 (כַּפַּיִם); to break, remove, etc., a yoke (צוארך) מעל שׁכמך 1 Mos 27,40; Es 10,27; Jer 28,10; Jer 28,11 to wipe tears מֵעַל כָּלפָּֿנִים Es 25,8 to take a bandage מעל עיניו 1 Kong 20,41 (compare על v1 Kong 20,38); often of putting off a garment or ornament., as 1 Mos 38,14; 1 Mos 38,19 וַתָּסַר צְעִיפָהּ מֵעָלֶיהָ, 2 Mos 33,5 הוֺרֵד עֶדְיְךָ מֵעָלֶיךָ, a sandal 2 Mos 3,5; Jos 5,15, a ring מֵעַל יָדוֺ 1 Mos 41,42 to seek (דרשׁ), or hear, words מֵעַל הַסֵּפֶר Es 34,16; Jer 36,11 (compare כתב על ספד above); pregnantly with בָּלָה to wear away (and fall) from off, 5 Mos 8,4; 5 Mos 29,4, compare of the bones or skin in disease Job 30,17 עֲצָמַי נִקַּר מֵעָלָ֑י are pierced (and drop) from off me, vJob 30,30 עוֺרִי שָׁחַר מעלי is black (and falls) from off me; figurative 1 Sam 1,11 הָסִירִי יֵינֵךְ מֵעָלַיִךְ remove thy wine from off thee; 4 Mos 14,9 סָר צִלָּם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם; Dom 16,19; Dom 16,20 סר מעליו ׳י (with allusion to the hair, as the seat of Samson's strength), 1 Sam 16,23 (compare על in v1 Sam 16,16).


\ \ b. Of relief from a burden or trouble: as of a plague, stroke, rod, etc., removed from (resting) on one, 2 Mos 10,17 וְיָסֵר מֵעָלַי אֶתהַֿמָּוֶת הַזֶּה, 4 Mos 21,7; 4 Mos 25,8 ׳וַתֵּעָצַר הַמַּגֵּפָה מֵעַל ישׂר 2 Sam 24,21; 2 Sam 24,25), Sl 39,11 הָסֵר מֵעָלַי נִגְעֶ֑ךָ, Job 9,34; Job 13,21; Joel 2,20 of reproach Jos 5,9; Es 25,8; Sl 119,22, iniquity Ezk 18,31; Zak 3,4, bloodguiltiness, 1 Kong 2,31, wrath Dom 8,3; 4 Mos 25,11; Ord 24,18, murmurings 4 Mos 17,21; 4 Mos 17,25 הֵקֵל מֵעַל to lighten from upon one 2 Mos 18,22 +; Amos 5,23 הָסֵר מֵעָלַיהֲמוֺן שִׁירֶיךָ; pregnantly Jon 1,11; Jon 1,12 that the sea יִשְׁתֹּק מֵעָלֵינוּ may be calm from off us; to remove, etc., מֵעַל פָּנַי (see פָּנִים); 1 Sam 6,20 to whom shall he go up מֵעָלֵינוּ — not merely 'from us,' but — from upon us (relieving us of his presence), so often of an army retiring from a country or raising a siege, 2 Sam 10,14 ויָּשָׁב יוֺאָב מֵעַל בְּנֵי עַמּוֺן, 2 Sam 20,21 וְאֵעלכָה מֵעַל הָעִיר, v2 Sam 20,22 Ki 2 Sam 3,27; 2 Sam 18,14, especially with עָלָה, נַעֲלָה 1 Kong 15,19; Jer 21,2; Jer 37,5; Jer 37,11 +; 2 Sam 19,10 David fled מעל אבשׁלום from Absalom (whom his presence had encumbered), Neh 13,28 וָאַבְרִיחֵהוּ מֵעָלַי, compare 1 Mos 13,11; 1 Mos 25,6; 4 Mos 20,21 מֵעָלָיו ׳וַיֵּט ישׂר, 2 Kron 20,10; 2 Mos 10,28 לֵךְ מֵעָלַי (contemptuously; be no more obnoxious to me), similarly 2 Sam 13,17 שׁלחונֿא אתזֿאת מעלי (Amnon of Tamar).


\ \ c. From beside (compare על 6 c), in different nuances: 1 Mos 17,22 God went up מעל אברהם from beside A., 1 Mos 35,13; 1 Mos 18,3 אל נא תעבר מעל עבדך (compare על v1 Mos 18,5), 1 Mos 42,24; 4 Mos 16,25; 4 Mos 16,27; 1 Kong 1,53 to come down מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ (compare על 1 Kong 13,1 6 c and 7 b); from attendance on 1 Mos 45,1 (compare על ib.), Dom 3,19 וְיֵּצְאוּ מֵעָלָיו כָּלהָֿעֹמְדִים עָלָיו 1 Sam 17,15 (see Dr), 2 Sam 13,9, compare1 Sam 2 Sam 13,8; 2 Sam 13,11; 2 Kong 25,5 (Jer 36,21 read עַל, מ being dittograph), compare 2 Kron 35,15 from attachment to, ׳רָחַק מֵעַל י Jer 2,5; Ezk 11,15; Ezk 44,10, compare Ezk 8,6, ׳סָר מֵעַל י Jer 32,40; Ezk 6,9, ׳תָּעָה מֵעַל י Ezk 44,10; Ezk 44,15, compare Ezk 14,5; 5 Mos 13,11 also סָר מֵעַל חַטּאֹות 2 Kong 10,31; 2 Kong 15,18 (usually מֵחטאות), compare Ezk 14,6; Ezk 23,18 from companionship with, Job 19,13 אַחַי מֵעַלַי הִרְחִיק; from accompanying protectingly 1 Sam 28,15 וֵאלֹהִים סָר מֵעַלַי, v1 Sam 28,16 (compare על Sl 110,5 and see Dr); from adhesion to 2 Kong 17,21 קָרַע ישׂראל מֵעַל בֵּית תָּוִד, Es 7,17; Es 56,6 יַבְדִּילַנִי מֵעַל עַמּוֺ ׳י, Hos 9,1 זָנִיתָ מֵעַל אֱלֹהֶיךָ.


\ \ d. In late Hebrew, = עַל above: 2 Kong 25,28 נָתַן ׳כִּסְאוֺ מֵעַל כִּסֵּא וגו (|| Jer 52,32 more class. מִמַּעַל לְ), Est 3,1; Sl 108,5 גדול מעל שׁמים (|| Sl 57,11 עַד), Sl 148,4; Praed 5,7 גָּבֹהַּ מֵעַל גָּבֹהַּ שֹׁמֵר, Neh 3,28; Neh 8,5; 2 Kron 34,4 לְמַעְלָה מֵעֲלֵיהֶם on high above them; Ezk 41,17; Ezk 41,20. — Ord 14,14 read with De Now Str וּמִמַּעֲלָלָיו.


\ \ e. מֵעַל לְ (chiefly late, and pleonastic for עַל, or else = the more class. synonym מִמַּעַל לְ): (a) 1 Mos 1,7 מֵעַל לָרָקִיעַ (Ezk 1,26 ׳מִמַּעַל לְ), Ezk 1,25 (text dubious; see Commentaries), 1 Sam 17,39; Jon 4,6; Mal 1,5 upon, over the border (territory) of Israel (so Köhl Ke: but Hi Ew We beyond, 2 Kron 13,4 upon, mount Zemaraim, 2 Kron 24,20. (b) beside 2 Kron 26,19 מֵעַל לְמִזְבַּח הַקְּטֹרֶת; Neh 12,31 (twice in verse); Neh 12,37; Neh 12,38 (twice in verse); Neh 12,39 dubious: BeRy (in all) off the side of (מִן 6) = at a little distance from; Ke in vNeh 12,31 vNeh 12,38a upon, in vNeh 12,37 vNeh 12,38b; vNeh 12,39 by the side of (an ... vorüber).

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כִּי עַל כֵּן BDB3996

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as, a peculiar phrase found 1 Mos 18,5; 1 Mos 19,8; 1 Mos 33,10; 1 Mos 38,26; 4 Mos 10,31; 4 Mos 14,43; Dom 6,22; 2 Sam 18,20 Qr (rightly), Jer 29,28; Jer 38,4 — literally for therefore, emphasizing the ground pleonastically (Ew§ 353 a ). The original force of the phrase is traceable in some of the passages in which it occurs, as 1 Mos 18,5 let me fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort your heart; כִּיעַֿלכֵּֿן עֲבַרְתֶּם עַל עַבְדְּכֶם for therefore (that is, to partake of such hospitality) are ye come to your servant, 4 Mos 14,43 the Amalekite and the Canaanite are there, and ye will fall by the sword, כִּיעַֿלכֵּֿן שַׁבְתֶּם for therefore (to encounter such a fate) have ye turned back from ׳י etc.: but in process of time the distinct sense of its component parts was no doubt gradually obscured, and it thus came to be used conventionally, as a mere particle of causation, even where there was no preceding statement to which עַל כֵּן therefore could be explicitly referred. אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן appears to be used similarly (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Job 34,27.

עֲלָמוֺת BDB6111

עֲלָמוֺת, עַלמֿוּת etc., see עַלְמָה below II. עלם. below

עַל BDB9768 · aramaisk

עַל preposition upon, over, on account of, above, to, against (Biblical Hebrew and general Aramaic id.); — suffix 1 singular עֲלַי; 2 masculine singular עליך Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, CookeNo. 77, A 5, 6, B 8, S-CPap. A 3, B 5 +), עֲלָךְ, Qr (ᵑ7 עֲלַךְ, Dalm§ 47, 2) Dan 3,12 + 6 t. Daniel; Ezr 7,18 3 masculine singular עֲלוֺהִי (so Nabataean, Palmyrene; Egyptian Aramaic עלוי S-CA 6 +) Dan 3,28 +, עֲלֹהִי Ezr 6,11 3 feminine singular עליה Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, S-CD 24), עֲלַהּ Qr (so ᵑ7) Dan 4,14; Dan 5,21 1 plural עֲלֵינָא Ezr 4,12, עֲלֵ֑ינָא Ezr 4,18; Ezr 5,17 Baer (Gi עֲלֶ֑ינָא); 3 masculine plural עֲלֵיהֹם (so Nabataean, CISii. 226; Egyptian Aramaic, S-CPap. F 5, 8+) Ezr 7,24, עֲלֵיהוֺן Ezr 5,1; Ezr 5,3 —

1. a. upon, Dan 2,10; Dan 2,28; Dan 2,46; Dan 5,5; Dan 5,7; Dan 6,11 + often, Dan 4,26 עַלהֵֿיכַל מַלְכוּתָא (2 Sam 11,2); to be established עַל מַלְכוּתִי 2 Sam 4,33 (compare 2 Kron 1,1 Biblical Hebrew II. 1) to lay an impost upon, Ezr 7,24 to trust on, Dan 3,28 after a verb of motion, מְטָא עַל to come upon, Dan 4,21; Dan 4,25 of times, to pass over, Dan 4,13; Dan 4,20; Dan 4,22; Dan 4,29; Ezr 5,1 בְּשֻׁם אֱלָהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלֵיהוֺן i.e. (named) over them.
\ \ b. idiomatic (as in Biblical Hebrew; see II. 1 d) of the person who is the subject of an emotion or experience, Dan 5,9 וְזִיוֺתִי שָׁנַיִן עֲלוֺהִי were changed upon him, Dan 7,28; Dan 6,19 וְשִׁנְּתֵהּ נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי (compare Dan 2,1).
\ \ c. on accusative of (Biblical Hebrew 1 f b), Dan 3,16 פִּתְגָּם עַלדְּֿנָה. So in עַלדְּֿנָה on this accusative Ezr 4,15; Ezr 4,22; Ezr 5,17, עַלמָֿה wherefore ? Dan 2,15 and עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי (see ׳דְּ).
\ \ d. on behalf of (ib. 1 f c), Ezr 6,17.
\ \ e. regarding, concerning (ib. 1 f g), Dan 2,18; Dan 5,14; Dan 5,29; Dan 6,6; Dan 6,13; Ezr 7,14 + often
2. over, with verbs of ruling, appointing, etc., Dan 2,48; Dan 2,49; Dan 3,12; Dan 4,14 +, Ezr 4,20; Ezr 6,18.
3. in a comparative sense, above, beyond, Dan 3,19; Dan 6,4.
4. expressing direction:
\ \ a. to, of a person, after a verb of motion (compare Biblical Hebrew 7 c a a), Dan 2,24; Dan 4,31; Dan 4,33; Dan 6,7; Dan 6,16; Ezr 4,12; Ezr 4,23 + often; after to send (a letter, etc.) Ezr 4,11; Ezr 4,17; Ezr 4,18; Ezr 5,6 +, write Ezr 4,7, prophesy Ezr 5,1 of the direction of the mind (ib. 7c c), Dan 3,12; Dan 6,14 (twice in verse); Dan 6,15 compare Ezr 5,5 הֲוַת עַל ׳וְעֵין אֱל (compare Jer 40,4 and אֶל Sl 34,16).
\ \ b. against, Dan 3,19; Dan 3,29; Dan 5,23; Dan 6,5; Dan 6,6 +; Ezr 4,8; Ezr 7,23.
5. in such phrases as שְׁפַר עַל, טְאֵב (to be) good or acceptable to (as in Syriac and late Hebrew: see Biblical Hebrew 8), Ezr 5,17 אִם עַל מַלְכָּא טָב, Ezr 7,18 (twice in verse); Dan 4,24 (יִשְׁפַּר), Dan 6,15 (בְּאֵשׁ), v.Dan 6,24 (טְאֵב). — compare the synopsis of meanings in Lzb340.

Forekomster pr. bog

1 Mos 250 2 Mos 272 3 Mos 219 4 Mos 243 5 Mos 171 Jos 66 Dom 106 Rut 11 1 Sam 150 2 Sam 155 1 Kong 210 2 Kong 192 1 Kron 143 2 Kron 244 Ezr 69 Neh 87 Est 57 Job 181 Sl 283 Ord 63 Praed 32 Hoj 22 Es 242 Jer 380 Klg 36 Ezk 322 Dan 105 Hos 37 Joel 16 Amos 49 Ob 5 Jon 17 Mik 28 Nah 12 Hab 14 Sef 20 Hag 5 Zak 49 Mal 10
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Josvas Bog

Ruts Bog

Ezras Bog

Nehemias' Bog

Esters Bog

Ordsprogenes Bog

Prædikerens Bog

Højsangen

Esajas' Bog

Klagesangene

Hoseas' Bog

Joels Bog

Amos' Bog

Obadias' Bog

Jonas' Bog

Mikas Bog

Nahums Bog

Habakkuks Bog

Sefanias' Bog

Haggajs Bog

Zakarias' Bog

Malakias' Bog

Kilder: F. Brown, S.R. Driver og C.A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain, i Eliran Wongs udgave (marvel.bible) med tekst fra Tim Morton (Bible Analyzer) og bibelhenvisninger ved Stephen Ku. Forekomster og ordklasser: BHSA (ETCBC). Lemma og translitteration: Strong's hebraiske ordliste.