אֵפוֹד
Engelsk ephod
Brown-Driver-Briggs
אֵפוֺד (28 t.) & אֵפֹד (20 t.) noun masculine2 Mos 28,7 ephod (Ethiopic compare Aramaic id. (on meaning see Lagl.c.), perhaps also Assyrian pid, pittu ZimBP 39; on form see Ges«GKC:84a»§ 84a 12. R. but Lagl.c. compares , & thinks אֵפוֺד shortened from ׳חֵשֶׁב הָא 'robe of approach' to God) — ׳א absolute 2 Mos 25,7 +; construct 1 Sam 2,18 +; —
1. ephod, priestly garment, shoulder-cape or mantle;
\ \ a. as worn by ordinary priest made of white stuff (בַּד) 1 Sam 22,18 ׳נֹשֵׂא א compare 2; so Samuel as a temple-servant 1 Sam 2,8 ׳חָגוּר א girt with an eph.; so David when dancing before ark 2 Sam 6,14 (id.) 1 Kron 15,27 ׳וְעַל דוד א;
\ \ b. as prescribed in P for high priest, more costly, woven of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, & linen (? שֵׁשׁ)threads, provided with shoulder-pieces & breast-piece of like material, ornamented with gems and gold, 2 Mos 25,7; 2 Mos 28,4; 2 Mos 28,6; 2 Mos 28,12; 2 Mos 28,15; 2 Mos 29,5; 2 Mos 35,9; 2 Mos 35,27 + 17 t. , also 3 Mos 8,7 compare probably 1 Sam 2,28 (׳נֹשֵׂא א) 1 Sam 14,3; 1 Sam 21,10 (see below 2); ׳חֵשֶׁב הָא 2 Mos 28,27; 2 Mos 28,28; 2 Mos 29,5; 2 Mos 39,20; 2 Mos 39,21; 3 Mos 8,7 ׳מְעִיל הָא 3 Mos 29,5; 3 Mos 39,22 (compare 3 Mos 8,7); with verb עַלֿ ׳נָתַן אֶתהָֿא put the ephod on Aaron 3 Mos 8,7.
\ \ a. as worn by ordinary priest made of white stuff (בַּד) 1 Sam 22,18 ׳נֹשֵׂא א compare 2; so Samuel as a temple-servant 1 Sam 2,8 ׳חָגוּר א girt with an eph.; so David when dancing before ark 2 Sam 6,14 (id.) 1 Kron 15,27 ׳וְעַל דוד א;
\ \ b. as prescribed in P for high priest, more costly, woven of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, & linen (? שֵׁשׁ)threads, provided with shoulder-pieces & breast-piece of like material, ornamented with gems and gold, 2 Mos 25,7; 2 Mos 28,4; 2 Mos 28,6; 2 Mos 28,12; 2 Mos 28,15; 2 Mos 29,5; 2 Mos 35,9; 2 Mos 35,27 + 17 t. , also 3 Mos 8,7 compare probably 1 Sam 2,28 (׳נֹשֵׂא א) 1 Sam 14,3; 1 Sam 21,10 (see below 2); ׳חֵשֶׁב הָא 2 Mos 28,27; 2 Mos 28,28; 2 Mos 29,5; 2 Mos 39,20; 2 Mos 39,21; 3 Mos 8,7 ׳מְעִיל הָא 3 Mos 29,5; 3 Mos 39,22 (compare 3 Mos 8,7); with verb עַלֿ ׳נָתַן אֶתהָֿא put the ephod on Aaron 3 Mos 8,7.
2. ephod used in consulting ׳י 1 Sam 23,6 ׳א borne in hand (read בְּיָדוֺ ׳יָרַד וְהָא ᵐ5 We Dr) v1 Sam 23,9; 1 Sam 30,7 (twice in verse) (all with חִגִּישׁ) + 1 Sam 14,18 (הגישׁ) & v1 Sam 14,18, in both read ׳הָא for ארון & v1 Sam 14,18 also נֹשֵׂא ᵐ5 Klo Dr;
\ \ a. according to Thes MV Di 2 Mos 28,6 and elsewhere properly below 1 b; consultation of ׳י in that case by Urim & Thummim in the breast-piece attached to the ephod (compare 2 Mos 28,28–30 & see אוּרִים); if so, in view of נשׂא 1 Sam 2,28; 1 Sam 14,3; 1 Sam 14,18 (compare above), not used elsewhere = wear except 1 Sam 22,18, & of 1 Sam 23,6, the word might be used by metonymy for the breast-piece itself;
\ \ b. others, e.g. StaGeschichte i. 466, 471 BuRS 115 and others, think of an image representing ׳י; compare following.
\ \ a. according to Thes MV Di 2 Mos 28,6 and elsewhere properly below 1 b; consultation of ׳י in that case by Urim & Thummim in the breast-piece attached to the ephod (compare 2 Mos 28,28–30 & see אוּרִים); if so, in view of נשׂא 1 Sam 2,28; 1 Sam 14,3; 1 Sam 14,18 (compare above), not used elsewhere = wear except 1 Sam 22,18, & of 1 Sam 23,6, the word might be used by metonymy for the breast-piece itself;
\ \ b. others, e.g. StaGeschichte i. 466, 471 BuRS 115 and others, think of an image representing ׳י; compare following.
3. a. ephod of gold made by Gideon Dom 8,27 for a local sanctuary, by which Israel was ensnared; = 2 b according to ᵑ6 Thes ('sine controversia') Stu and others + Sta Bu 1.c.; originally = gold sheathing of an image (compare etymology above & Es 30,22 below אֲפֻדָּה); MV Be KöHauptprobleme 59 think of garment, as below 1 see above
\ \ b. made (material not given) for a private, local sanctuary Dom 17,5; Dom 18,14; Dom 18,17; Dom 18,18; Dom 18,20 (|| פֶּסֶל, מַסֵּכָה, תְּרָפִים in all, for ᵐ5 gives מַסֵּכָה vDom 18,20, omitted by HCT); compare Hos 3,4 Israel shall abide without king, prince, sacrifice, pillar, ephod or teraphim; according to Thes and others + Sta Bu l.c. = 2 b; Stu Be Ry and others regard as below 1; in view of distinction from פסל, מסכה & תרפים it seems more likely that this is not an image, but some means of consulting deity, perhaps in imitation of Urim & Thummim.
\ \ b. made (material not given) for a private, local sanctuary Dom 17,5; Dom 18,14; Dom 18,17; Dom 18,18; Dom 18,20 (|| פֶּסֶל, מַסֵּכָה, תְּרָפִים in all, for ᵐ5 gives מַסֵּכָה vDom 18,20, omitted by HCT); compare Hos 3,4 Israel shall abide without king, prince, sacrifice, pillar, ephod or teraphim; according to Thes and others + Sta Bu l.c. = 2 b; Stu Be Ry and others regard as below 1; in view of distinction from פסל, מסכה & תרפים it seems more likely that this is not an image, but some means of consulting deity, perhaps in imitation of Urim & Thummim.
Kilder: F. Brown, S.R. Driver og C.A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain, i Eliran Wongs udgave (marvel.bible) med tekst fra Tim Morton (Bible Analyzer) og bibelhenvisninger ved Stephen Ku. Forekomster og ordklasser: BHSA (ETCBC). Lemma og translitteration: Strong's hebraiske ordliste.