חַטָּאָה

1. sin:
\ \ a. against man 1 Mos 31,36; 1 Mos 50,17 (E), 4 Mos 12,11 (J) 1 Sam 20,1 אדם ׳ח sins against man 4 Mos 5,6 (P). Elsewhere
\ \ b. against God 3 Mos 4,14; 3 Mos 4,23; 3 Mos 4,28 (P), 1 Sam 2,17; 1 Sam 14,38; 1 Kong 16,13 (twice in verse); 2 Kong 21,16; 2 Kong 21,17; 2 Kong 2,19; 2 Kong 30,1; 2 Kong 58,1; 2 Kong 59,2; 2 Kong 59,12; 2 Kong 16,10; 2 Kong 16,18; Es 30,14; Es 30,15; Es 50,20; Klg 4,6; Klg 4,22; Ezk 16,51; Ezk 18,14; Ezk 21,29; Ezk 33,10; Ezk 33,16; (We ^{Kl. Proph.} reads חטאיכם), as Es 1,18 — see חֵטא — on accusative of masculine עצומים), Mik 1,13; Mik 3,8; Sl 32,5; Sl 51,5; Sl 59,4; Ord 5,22; Ord 13,6; Ord 14,34; Ord 21,4; Ord 24,9; Ord 14,23; Dan 9,20 (twice in verse); נעורי ׳ח sins of my youth Sl 25,7 נפשׁי ׳פרי בטני ח Mik 6,7 fruit of my body (my child as an offering) for the sin of myself; sin of divination 1 Sam 15,23 of the mouth Sl 59,13 עמי יאכלו ׳ח Hos 4,8 the sin of my people they eat (gain their daily food by means of it, compare We; ᵑ7 Hi Or and others sin-offering, but this not elsewhere in early prophets, and || עָוֺן against it, see We^{Prol. 3. 76}); לפתח חטאת רבץ 1 Mos 4,7 (J) at the door (of Cain) sin is a crouching beast; sin of the people is embodied in the golden calf 5 Mos 9,21 and the high places of Beath Aven Hos 10,8 with בְּ on the ground of sin Neh 9,37 for sin Mik 1,5; 2 Kong 24,3; Es 40,2; Jer 15,13; Jer 17,3; Ezk 16,52 with or by sin 1 Kong 14,22; 1 Kong 16,2; Es 43,24 ׳הלך בח walk in sin 1 Kong 15,3; 1 Kong 15,26; 1 Kong 15,34; 1 Kong 16,19; 1 Kong 16,26; 1 Kong 16,31; 2 Kong 17,22 ׳דבק בח cleave unto sin 2 Kong 3,3 with עַל on account of sin 5 Mos 9,18; 1 Kong 15,30; 1 Kong 16,19; Mik 6,13 for sin 3 Mos 4,3; 3 Mos 4,28; 3 Mos 4,35; 3 Mos 5,6; 3 Mos 5,13 (P) 3 Mos 19,22; 3 Mos 26,18; 3 Mos 26,24; 3 Mos 26,28 (H); ׳יסף על ח add unto sin 1 Sam 12,19; 2 Kron 28,13; Es 30,1; Job 34,37 with כְּ according to sin 3 Mos 26,21 with לְ to or for sin 3 Mos 16,16; 3 Mos 16,21; 5 Mos 19,15; 1 Kong 12,30; 1 Kong 13,34; Ord 10,16; Zak 13,1 with מִן because of sin 3 Mos 4,26; 3 Mos 5,6; 3 Mos 5,10; 3 Mos 16,34 (P), 3 Mos 19,22 (H), Klg 4,13 more than sin Job 35,3 טָהַרְתִּי מֵחַטָּאתִי I am clean from my sin Ord 20,9 ׳מגני ח because of sin Sl 38,4 ׳בגלל ח because of sin 1 Kong 14,16 הלך ׳אחר ח walk after sin 2 Kong 13,2.
\ \ c. men should return from sin שׁוּב מִן 1 Kong 8,35 = 2 Kron 6,26; Ezk 18,21; Ezk 33,14 depart from it סוּר מֵעַל 2 Kong 10,31; 2 Kong 15,18 סוּר מן 2 Kong 13,6; 2 Kong 13,11; 2 Kong 14,24; 2 Kong 15,9; 2 Kong 15,24; 2 Kong 15,28 be concerned about דאג מן Sl 38,19 confess ׳הִתְוַדָּה ח 4 Mos 5,7 (P); ׳התודה על ה Neh 1,6; Neh 9,2.
\ \ d. God deals with sin: (1) he visits punishment upon it (על) פקד 2 Mos 32,34 (JE) Hos 8,13; Hos 9,9; Jer 14,10 inquires after it דרשׁ ל Job 10,6 watches over it שׁמר על Job 14,16 hoards it up Hos 13,12 (2) by forgiveness: ׳נשׂא ה 2 Mos 10,17; 2 Mos 32,32 (JE), 1 Sam 15,25 ׳נשׂא עון ח Sl 32,5 ׳נשׂא לח Jos 24,19 (E), Sl 25,18 pardon ׳סלח לח 2 Mos 34,9 (JE) 1 Kong 8,34; 1 Kong 8,36; 2 Kron 6,25; 2 Kron 6,27; 2 Kron 7,14; Jer 36,3 removal הסר Es 27,9 העביר 2 Sam 12,13 casting into the depths of the sea Mik 7,19 (3) by covering over, making atonement for חַטָּֽאתְךָ תְּכֻפָּ֑ר Es 6,7 thy sin shall be covered over; actively, ׳כפּר עַל ח Sl 79,9 ׳כסּה ח Sl 85,3 (compare כְּסוּי חֲטָאָה Sl 32,1); ׳לְהָתֵם ח (Qr) make an end of sins Dan 9,24 (4) by blotting out ׳מחה ח Es 44,22; Jer 18,23; Sl 109,14; Neh 3,37 cleanse from sin ׳טַהֲרֵנִי מח Sl 51,4 ׳מקוֺר לח a fountain for sin Zak 13,1 (5) by not remembering it ׳לא זכר ח Es 43,25 לא זכר ׳לח Jer 31,34 אַלתֵּֿפֶן אֶלחַֿטָאתוֺ 5 Mos 9,27 look not unto his sin.
\ \ e. atonement may be secured for, ׳כפּר בעד ח 2 Mos 32,30 (J E; Moses, by his intercession). feminine according to P (H) the priest is to make atonement for a person (כפּר על) by sin-offering or trespass-offering; ׳מח because of sin 3 Mos 4,26; 3 Mos 5,6; 3 Mos 5,10; 3 Mos 16,34 ׳על ח 3 Mos 4,35; 3 Mos 5,13 (all P), 3 Mos 19,22 (H; see We^{compare, 59} = JBTh xxii, 427), so that the man is clean from sin ׳טהר מח 3 Mos 16,30.

2. condition of sin, guilt of sin 1 Mos 18,20; 4 Mos 16,26; 4 Mos 32,23 (J), Ezk 3,20; Ezk 18,24, יְהוּדָה חֲרוּשָׁה עַללֿוּחַ לִבָּם ׳ח וּלְקַרְנוֺת מִוְבְּחוֺתֵיכֶם the sin (guilt) of Judah is graven upon the table of their hear, and upon the horns of your altars Jer 17,1.

3. punishment for sin: כָלהַֿגּוֺיִם ׳מִצְרָ֑יִם וח ׳זֹאת תִּהְיֶה ח Zak 14,19 this will be the punishment for sin of Egypt and the punishment for sin of all nations (the plague with which Yahweh will smite them).

4. sin-offering: one of the kinds of offerings of P, 3 Mos 7,37 first in the history 2 Kong 12,17 (reign of Jehoash), where חטּאת of money given to priests; elsewhere only in Chronicles: 2 Kron 29,21; 2 Kron 29,23; 2 Kron 29,24 Hezekiah had made a ׳ח of 7 צְפִירֵי עִזִּים at purification of temple; Ezr 8,35 12 צְפִירֵי ׳ח were offered; Neh 10,34 ׳ח || עולות; — in these no evidence of special ritual. Sin-offering elsewhere only in codes of H Ezekiel and P. — On Hos 4,8 see

1. above In H, 3 Mos 23,19 a שׂעיר עזים, for feast of weeks. In Ezekiel ׳ח in general || other sacrifices, Ezk 40,39; Ezk 45,17; Ezk 45,25; Ezk 46,20 and priests eat them Ezk 42,13; Ezk 44,29. At dedication of altar, the blood of a young bullock was to be applied to horns of altar, the corners of its settle and its border, the bullock itself burnt without the sanctuary; for each of the 7 days following a שׂעיר עזים was to be offered Ezk 43,19; Ezk 43,21; Ezk 43,22; Ezk 43,25. On first day of first month a young bullock was to offered to cleanse the sanctuary: its blood put on the door posts of the house and of the gate of the inner court an on the four corners of the settle of the altar; also on the seventh day (ᵐ5 first day of seventh month) Ezk 45,17; Ezk 45,19 (compare vEzk 45,18 vEzk 45,20). On 14th day of first month the prince was to offer a bullock for himself and the people and on each of the 7 days of the Passover week a שׂעיר עזים Ezk 45,22; Ezk 45,23. When a priest entered the sanctuary to minister after his cleaning he was to offer his sin-offering Ezk 44,27. P gives several grades:
\ \ a. a ruler should offer a he-goat 3 Mos 4,24; 3 Mos 4,25; 4 Mos 7,16; 4 Mos 7,22; 4 Mos 7,28; 4 Mos 7,34; 4 Mos 7,40; 4 Mos 7,46; 4 Mos 7,52; 4 Mos 7,58; 4 Mos 7,64; 4 Mos 7,70; 4 Mos 7,76; 4 Mos 7,82; 4 Mos 7,87 an ordinary person a she-goat 3 Mos 4,29 (compare v3 Mos 4,28) 3 Mos 5,6; 4 Mos 15,27, ewe lamb 3 Mos 4,32; 3 Mos 4,33 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 4,34; 3 Mos 14,19; 4 Mos 6,14; 4 Mos 6,16, a turtle dove or young pigeon 3 Mos 5,7; 3 Mos 5,8; 3 Mos 5,9 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 12,6; 3 Mos 12,8; 3 Mos 14,22; 3 Mos 14,31; 3 Mos 15,15; 3 Mos 15,30; 4 Mos 6,11, or one-tenth of an ephah of fine flour 3 Mos 5,11 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 5,12 according to ability of the person, and nature of offence. The victim was brought unto the tent of meeting, the hands of the offerer laid on its head, it was slaughtered by the offerer, the priest took some of the blood and put it on horns of altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the blood he poured out at the base of it, to cover over the sin, or cleanse the altar from the sin defiling it. All the fat pieces (compare 3 Mos 4,22; 3 Mos 4,35) and a handful of the flour (compare 3 Mos 5,12) were burned on altar. The rest of the flesh and the flour were eaten by priests in court of Holy place 3 Mos 5,13; 3 Mos 6,10; 3 Mos 6,18 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 6,23 (compare v.3 Mos 6,11 v.3 Mos 6,19), 3 Mos 7,7; 3 Mos 10,16; 3 Mos 10,17; 3 Mos 10,19 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 14,13; 4 Mos 18,9.
\ \ b. a bullock was offered for priests 2 Mos 29,14; 2 Mos 29,36; 3 Mos 4,3; 3 Mos 4,8; 3 Mos 4,20; 3 Mos 8,2; 3 Mos 8,14 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 9,2; 3 Mos 9,7; 3 Mos 9,8; 3 Mos 9,10 for Levites at their installation 4 Mos 8,8; 4 Mos 8,12 and for whole congregation 3 Mos 4,14; 3 Mos 4,21 but usually offering for congregation was he-goat 4 Mos 15,24; 4 Mos 15,25, especially at dedication of altar 3 Mos 9,3; 3 Mos 9,15; 3 Mos 9,22. and in ritual of feasts 4 Mos 28,15; 4 Mos 28,22; 4 Mos 28,30; 4 Mos 29,5; 4 Mos 29,11; 4 Mos 29,16; 4 Mos 29,19; 4 Mos 29,22; 4 Mos 29,25; 4 Mos 29,28; 4 Mos 29,31; 4 Mos 29,34; 4 Mos 29,38. Before consecration of the tabernacle the blood went to altar of burnt-offering (3 Mos 9,9), but subsequently some of it was sprinkled seven times before the vail and some of it put on horns of altar of incense to cleanse this higher altar; the fast pieces were burned on altar of burnt-offering, and the rest of the victim burned without the camp (3 Mos 4,3–21; 3 Mos 6,23; 3 Mos 8,16; 3 Mos 8,17; 3 Mos 9,10; 3 Mos 9,11).
\ \ c. on day of atonement, sin-offering for high priest was a bullock 3 Mos 16,3; 3 Mos 16,6 and for congregation two he-goats, one לַעֲזָאזֵל (see עזאזל) 3 Mos 16,5 (compare v3 Mos 16,8 v3 Mos 16,10 v3 Mos 16,20 v3 Mos 16,22), the other for sacrifice ליהוה 3 Mos 16,9 (compare v3 Mos 16,8). Some of the blood of Aaron's bullock was first taken into innermost sanctuary and sprinkled on the כפרת and seven times before it; so also blood of the he-goat 3 Mos 16,11 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 16,15 (compare v3 Mos 16,12–14 v3 Mos 16,16 v3 Mos 16,17) to cleanse highest altar: then the blood of the two victims was applied to lower altars as in a and b and so sin was covered over at the three altars 2 Mos 30,10 (compare 3 Mos 16,16–19). The fat pieces went to altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the victims was burnt without the camp 3 Mos 16,25; 3 Mos 16,27 (twice in verse). (Sins which might be covered over were limited to those committed בשׁגגה 3 Mos 4,2; 3 Mos 4,22; 3 Mos 4,27; 4 Mos 15,27, לשׁגגה 4 Mos 15,24, minor offences 3 Mos 5,1–6 and ceremonial uncleanness 3 Mos 12,6; 3 Mos 12,8; 3 Mos 14,13; 3 Mos 15,15; 4 Mos 6,11; 4 Mos 6,14.) — Pharses for sacrificing are: ׳עשׂה ח 3 Mos 9,7; 3 Mos 9,22; 3 Mos 14,19; 4 Mos 6,16; Ezk 45,17, ׳הקריב ח 3 Mos 10,19; Ezk 44,27, ׳שׁחט ח 3 Mos 14,13; Ezk 40,39.

5. purification from sins of ceremonial uncleanness, all P: ׳ח ׳מֵ 4 Mos 8,7 water of purification from sin; הוּא ׳מֵי נִדָּה ח water of (cleansing from) impurity, it is a purification from sin 4 Mos 19,9 ׳עֲפַר שְׂרֵפַת הח 4 Mos 19,17 ashes of the burning of the purification from sin (RV renders sin-offering; but there was no offering made, only water of purification was used).