נֶפֶשׁ
Engelsk soul, living being, life
I GT 754 gange i den hebraiske tekst (BHSA)
Brown-Driver-Briggs
נֶ֫פֶשׁ756 noun feminine1 Mos 49,6 (so even 1 Mos 2,19; 4 Mos 31,28; 1 Kong 19,2 see AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 42 SS) soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Praed 3,18; Praed 4,1 (twice in verse); Praed 4,2 (twice in verse); Praed 13,12; Praed 14,11); — ׳נ 1 Mos 1,20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ 1 Mos 37,21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי 1 Mos 12,13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֺת Ezk 13,18 + 13 t.; נְפָשֹׁת 2 Mos 12,4; 3 Mos 27,2 construct נַפְשׁוֺת 1 Mos 36,6 + 4 t.; נַפְשֹׁת 3 Mos 21,11 נְפָשִׁים Ezk 13,20 (but read חָפְשִׁים, see Co Berthol Toy); suffix נַפְשׁוֺתָם 2 Sam 23,17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם 4 Mos 17,3 +: —
1. = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:
\ \ a. distinguished from ׃בָּשָׂר מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Es 10,18 הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר 5 Mos 12,23 from שְׁאֵר Ord 11,17 from בֶּטֶן body Sl 31,10.
\ \ b. both the inner נפשׁ and the outer בשׂר are conceived as resting on a common substratum: אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃ Job 14,22 only his flesh upon him is in pain, and his soul upon him mourneth; compare Sl 42,5; Sl 42,7; Sl 131,2; Job 30,16; Klg 3,20 [see עַל 1 d], all poetical (compare 6 c).
\ \ c. ׳נ departs at death and returns with life: וַיְתִי בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ כִּי מֵתָה 1 Mos 35,18 (E) and it came to pass when her soul was going forth (for she died); נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ Jer 15,9 she breathed out her soul, compare 1 Kong 17,21; 1 Kong 17,22; Job 11,20; Job 31,39.
\ \ d. often desired that the נפשׁ may be delivered: from Sh®°ôl Sl 16,10; Sl 30,4; Sl 49,16; Sl 86,13; Sl 89,49; Ord 23,14 from שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl, Es 38,17; Job 33,18; Job 33,22; Job 33,28; Job 33,30.
\ \ a. distinguished from ׃בָּשָׂר מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Es 10,18 הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר 5 Mos 12,23 from שְׁאֵר Ord 11,17 from בֶּטֶן body Sl 31,10.
\ \ b. both the inner נפשׁ and the outer בשׂר are conceived as resting on a common substratum: אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃ Job 14,22 only his flesh upon him is in pain, and his soul upon him mourneth; compare Sl 42,5; Sl 42,7; Sl 131,2; Job 30,16; Klg 3,20 [see עַל 1 d], all poetical (compare 6 c).
\ \ c. ׳נ departs at death and returns with life: וַיְתִי בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ כִּי מֵתָה 1 Mos 35,18 (E) and it came to pass when her soul was going forth (for she died); נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ Jer 15,9 she breathed out her soul, compare 1 Kong 17,21; 1 Kong 17,22; Job 11,20; Job 31,39.
\ \ d. often desired that the נפשׁ may be delivered: from Sh®°ôl Sl 16,10; Sl 30,4; Sl 49,16; Sl 86,13; Sl 89,49; Ord 23,14 from שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl, Es 38,17; Job 33,18; Job 33,22; Job 33,28; Job 33,30.
2. The נפשׁ becomes a living being: by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into the nostrils of its בשׂר; of man 1 Mos 2,7 (J); by implication of animals also 1 Mos 2,19 (J); so Sl 104,29; Sl 104,30 compare Sl 66,9 man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being 1 Mos 2,7 (J); elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה always of animals 1 Mos 1,20; 1 Mos 1,24; 1 Mos 1,30; 1 Mos 9,12; 1 Mos 9,15; 1 Mos 9,16 (all P), Ezk 47,9 so נפשׁ החיּה 1 Mos 1,21; 1 Mos 9,10 (both P), 3 Mos 11,10; 3 Mos 11,46 (H); נפשׁ השׁרצת 3 Mos 11,46 (H); נפשׁ כל חי Job 12,10. נפשׁ is frequently used with the verb ׃חיה וחיתה נפשׁ 1 Mos 12,13; 1 Mos 19,20 (both J), 1 Kong 20,32 (E), Sl 119,175; Jer 38,17; Jer 38,20 חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Sam 1,26; 1 Sam 17,55; 1 Sam 20,3; 1 Sam 25,26; 2 Sam 11,11; 2 Sam 14,9; 2 Kong 2,2; 2 Kong 2,4; 2 Kong 2,6; 2 Kong 4,30 (all J E); compare ׳יְחַיֶּה נ 1 Kong 20,31 (E), Ezk 18,27; Sl 22,30 also 1 Mos 19,19; Es 55,3; Ord 3,22.
3. The נפשׁ (without חיה noun or verb) is specified:
\ \ a. a living being whose life resides in the blood [so in Arabic WeSkizzen iii. 217 G. JacobArab. Dicht. iv. 9 f.] (hence sacrificial use of blood, and its prohib. in other uses; first in D), 5 Mos 12,23; 5 Mos 12,24 only be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the living being (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ); and thou shalt not eat the living being with the flesh (הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר); thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water; this is enlarged in H, 3 Mos 17,10; 3 Mos 17,11; 3 Mos 17,12; 3 Mos 17,14 and in P 1 Mos 9,4; 1 Mos 9,5, compare Jer 2,34.
\ \ b. a serious attack upon the life is an attack upon this inner living being 2 Sam 1,9; Jer 4,10; Jon 2,6; Sl 69,2; Sl 124,4; Sl 124,5; Job 27,3.
\ \ c. נפשׁ is used for life itself 171 t., of animals Ord 12,10, and of man 1 Mos 44,30 (J); נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life 2 Mos 21,23 (E), 3 Mos 24,18 (H), 1 Kong 20,39; 1 Kong 20,42; 2 Kong 10,24 נפשׁנו תחתיכם Jos 2,14 (J); נפשׁ בנפשׁ 5 Mos 19,21 בנפשׁ for the life of 2 Sam 14,7; Jon 1,14 שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's own hand Dom 12,3; 1 Sam 19,5; 1 Sam 28,21; Job 13,14 חרף נפשׁו למות Dom 5,18 risked his life to die; בנפשׁ at the risk of life 4 Mos 17,3 (P), 2 Sam 23,17 = 1 Kron 11,19 (twice in verse), 1 Kong 2,23; Ord 7,23; Klg 5,9 בקּשׁ נפשׁ 2 Mos 4,19 (J), 1 Sam 20,21; 1 Sam 22,23 (twice in verse); 1 Sam 23,15; 1 Sam 25,29; 2 Sam 4,8; 2 Sam 16,11; 1 Kong 19,10; 1 Kong 19,14; Jer 4,30; Jer 11,21; Jer 19,7; Jer 19,9; Jer 21,7; Jer 22,25; Jer 34,20; Jer 34,21; Jer 38,16; Jer 44,30 (twice in verse); Jer 46,26; Jer 49,37; Sl 35,4; Sl 38,13; Sl 40,15; Sl 54,5; Sl 63,10; Sl 70,3; Sl 86,14; Ord 29,10 ׳שׁאל נ 1 Kong 3,11 = 2 Kron 1,11; 1 Kong 19,4 = Jon 4,8 הִכָּה נפשׁ smite mortally 1 Mos 37,21 (J), 5 Mos 19,6; 5 Mos 19,11; Jer 40,14; Jer 40,15 ׳לקח נ 1 Kong 19,4; Jon 4,3; Sl 31,14; Ord 1,19 הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death Jos 2,13; Sl 33,19; Sl 56,14 מלּט נפשׁ1 Sam 19,11; 2 Sam 19,6 (4 t. in verse); 1 Kong 1,12 (twice in verse); Jer 48,6; Jer 51,6; Jer 51,45; Ezk 33,5; Amos 2,14; Amos 2,15; Sl 89,49; Sl 116,4 פדה ׳נ 2 Sam 4,9; 1 Kong 1,29; Sl 34,23; Sl 49,16; Sl 55,19; Sl 71,23 ׳שׁמר נ Sl 25,20; Sl 97,10; Job 2,6; Ord 13,3; Ord 16,17; Ord 19,16; Ord 22,5.
\ \ a. a living being whose life resides in the blood [so in Arabic WeSkizzen iii. 217 G. JacobArab. Dicht. iv. 9 f.] (hence sacrificial use of blood, and its prohib. in other uses; first in D), 5 Mos 12,23; 5 Mos 12,24 only be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the living being (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ); and thou shalt not eat the living being with the flesh (הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר); thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water; this is enlarged in H, 3 Mos 17,10; 3 Mos 17,11; 3 Mos 17,12; 3 Mos 17,14 and in P 1 Mos 9,4; 1 Mos 9,5, compare Jer 2,34.
\ \ b. a serious attack upon the life is an attack upon this inner living being 2 Sam 1,9; Jer 4,10; Jon 2,6; Sl 69,2; Sl 124,4; Sl 124,5; Job 27,3.
\ \ c. נפשׁ is used for life itself 171 t., of animals Ord 12,10, and of man 1 Mos 44,30 (J); נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life 2 Mos 21,23 (E), 3 Mos 24,18 (H), 1 Kong 20,39; 1 Kong 20,42; 2 Kong 10,24 נפשׁנו תחתיכם Jos 2,14 (J); נפשׁ בנפשׁ 5 Mos 19,21 בנפשׁ for the life of 2 Sam 14,7; Jon 1,14 שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's own hand Dom 12,3; 1 Sam 19,5; 1 Sam 28,21; Job 13,14 חרף נפשׁו למות Dom 5,18 risked his life to die; בנפשׁ at the risk of life 4 Mos 17,3 (P), 2 Sam 23,17 = 1 Kron 11,19 (twice in verse), 1 Kong 2,23; Ord 7,23; Klg 5,9 בקּשׁ נפשׁ 2 Mos 4,19 (J), 1 Sam 20,21; 1 Sam 22,23 (twice in verse); 1 Sam 23,15; 1 Sam 25,29; 2 Sam 4,8; 2 Sam 16,11; 1 Kong 19,10; 1 Kong 19,14; Jer 4,30; Jer 11,21; Jer 19,7; Jer 19,9; Jer 21,7; Jer 22,25; Jer 34,20; Jer 34,21; Jer 38,16; Jer 44,30 (twice in verse); Jer 46,26; Jer 49,37; Sl 35,4; Sl 38,13; Sl 40,15; Sl 54,5; Sl 63,10; Sl 70,3; Sl 86,14; Ord 29,10 ׳שׁאל נ 1 Kong 3,11 = 2 Kron 1,11; 1 Kong 19,4 = Jon 4,8 הִכָּה נפשׁ smite mortally 1 Mos 37,21 (J), 5 Mos 19,6; 5 Mos 19,11; Jer 40,14; Jer 40,15 ׳לקח נ 1 Kong 19,4; Jon 4,3; Sl 31,14; Ord 1,19 הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death Jos 2,13; Sl 33,19; Sl 56,14 מלּט נפשׁ1 Sam 19,11; 2 Sam 19,6 (4 t. in verse); 1 Kong 1,12 (twice in verse); Jer 48,6; Jer 51,6; Jer 51,45; Ezk 33,5; Amos 2,14; Amos 2,15; Sl 89,49; Sl 116,4 פדה ׳נ 2 Sam 4,9; 1 Kong 1,29; Sl 34,23; Sl 49,16; Sl 55,19; Sl 71,23 ׳שׁמר נ Sl 25,20; Sl 97,10; Job 2,6; Ord 13,3; Ord 16,17; Ord 19,16; Ord 22,5.
4. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself:
\ \ a. paraphrase for personal pronoun especially in poetry and ornate discourse, 70 t.; (1) נַפְשִׁי = me: אל תבא נפשׁי 1 Mos 49,6 let me not enter (poem in J); מות ישׁרים ׳תָּמֹת נ 4 Mos 23,10 let me die, etc. (poem); תָּמוֺת נַפְשְׁי Dom 16,30 (J); אמרה נפשׁי Klg 3,24 I say. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: לְאֻמִּים תַּחַת נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Es 43,4 peoples instead of thee; אָֽמְרוּ לְנַפְשֵׁךְ Es 51,23. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = he: נפשׁו בטוב תלין Psalms he will not dwell in good circumstances. (4) נַפְשֵׁנוּ = we: נַפְשֵׁנוּ כְּצִפּוֺר נִמְלְטָה מִפַּח יוֺקְשִׁים Sl 124,7. (5) נַפְשָׁם = they, them: נַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָ֑כָה Es 46,2 they are gone into captivity; אוי לנפשׁם Es 3,9.
\ \ b. = reflexive, self, 53 t.: אסר על נפשׁ bind oneself 4 Mos 30,3; 4 Mos 30,5 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 30,6; 4 Mos 30,7; 4 Mos 30,8; 4 Mos 30,9; 4 Mos 30,10; 4 Mos 30,11; 4 Mos 30,12 ׳לְעַנֹּת נ 4 Mos 30,14 to afflict oneself . (1) נַפְשִׁי = myself: לא אדע נפשׁי Job 9,21 I know not myself. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thyself: ׳שׁמר נ 5 Mos 4,9 keep thyself. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = himself: ׳אהב כנ 1 Sam 18,1; 1 Sam 18,3; 1 Sam 20,17 loved as himself. (4) נַפְשָׁהּ = herself: ׳צדּקה נ Jer 3,11 justified herself. (5) נַפְשָׁם = themselves: ׳הציל נ deliver themselves Es 47,14; Ezk 14,14; Ezk 14,20. (6) נַפְשְׁכֶם, נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם = yourselves: ׳אַלתַּֿשִּׁאוּ נ Jer 37,9 deceive not yourselves, also Jer 42,20; Jer 44,7 ׳ענּה נ 3 Mos 16,29; 3 Mos 16,31; 3 Mos 23,27; 3 Mos 23,32; 4 Mos 29,7 (P); ׳נשׁמרתם לנ 5 Mos 4,15; Jos 23,11 (D). (7) נַפְשׁוֺתֵינוּ = ourselves: ׳על נ Jer 26,19 against ourselves.
\ \ c. = person of man, individual, 144 t., first in D2; especially in H, P, and kindred writers: (1) with אָדָם: אדם ׳נ 3 Mos 24,17 opposed to בהמה ׳נ 3 Mos 24,18 (both H), and so אדם ׳נ human persons 4 Mos 31,35; 4 Mos 31,40; 4 Mos 31,46 (P) 1 Kron 5,21; Ezk 27,13. Elsewhere without אדם: ברכה ׳נ Ord 11,25 one who blesses; רְמִיָּה ׳נ Ord 19,15 idle person; ׳תחת נ ׳נ person in place of person, Job 16,4 כפּר ׳על נ 2 Mos 30,15; 2 Mos 30,16; 4 Mos 15,28; 4 Mos 31,50 (all P) 3 Mos 17,11 (H). (2) נפשׁ = person, any one: 5 Mos 24,7; 5 Mos 27,25; Ord 28,17; Ezk 18,4 (3 t. in verse); Ezk 33,6 elsewhere only H P: 3 Mos 2,1; 3 Mos 4,2; 3 Mos 4,27; 3 Mos 5,1; 3 Mos 5,2; 3 Mos 5,4; 3 Mos 5,15; 3 Mos 5,17; 3 Mos 5,21; 3 Mos 7,18; 3 Mos 7,20; 3 Mos 7,21; 3 Mos 7,25; 3 Mos 7,27; 3 Mos 23,29; 3 Mos 23,30 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 5,6; 4 Mos 15,27; 4 Mos 15,30; 4 Mos 19,22; 4 Mos 31,19; 4 Mos 31,28; 4 Mos 35,11; 4 Mos 35,15; 4 Mos 35,30 (twice in verse); Jos 20,3; Jos 20,9 (all P), 3 Mos 17,10; 3 Mos 17,12; 3 Mos 17,15; 3 Mos 20,6 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 22,6; 3 Mos 22,11 (all H); ׳נכרתה הנ הַהִוא מן that person shall be cut off from: only in 1 Mos 17,14; 2 Mos 12,15; 2 Mos 12,19; 2 Mos 31,14; 3 Mos 7,20; 3 Mos 7,21; 3 Mos 7,27; 4 Mos 9,13; 4 Mos 15,30; 4 Mos 15,31; 4 Mos 19,13; 4 Mos 19,20 (all P), 3 Mos 19,8; 3 Mos 22,3 (both H). (3) נפשׁ collective for persons, in enumerations: 5 Mos 10,22; Jos 10,28; Jos 10,30; Jos 10,32; Jos 10,35; Jos 10,37 (twice in verse); Jos 10,39; Jos 11,11 (all D2) Jer 43,6; Jer 52,29; Jer 52,30 (twice in verse); Ezk 22,25 elsewhere only 1 Mos 12,5; 1 Mos 46,15; 1 Mos 46,18; 1 Mos 46,22; 1 Mos 46,25; 1 Mos 46,26 (twice in verse); 1 Mos 46,27 (twice in verse); 2 Mos 1,5 (twice in verse); 2 Mos 12,16; 4 Mos 31,35; 4 Mos 31,40 (all P). (4) נְפָשׁוֺת persons 1 Mos 36,6; 2 Mos 12,4; 2 Mos 16,16; 4 Mos 19,18 (all P), 3 Mos 18,29; 3 Mos 20,25; 3 Mos 27,2 (all H), 2 Kong 12,5; Ord 11,30; Ord 14,25; Ezk 13,18 (3 t. in verse); Ezk 13,19 (twice in verse); Ezk 13,20 (twice in verse); Ezk 17,17; Ezk 18,4; Ezk 22,27 (נפשׁים Ezk 13,20 see above). (5) נפשׁ = deceased person, sometimes with מֵת, נֶפֶשׁ מֵת 4 Mos 6,6 (P), נַפְשֹׁת מֵת (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 נֶפֶשׁ) 3 Mos 21,11 (H); usually without מֵת, נפשׁ (ה)אדם 4 Mos 9,6; 4 Mos 9,7; 4 Mos 19,11; 4 Mos 19,13 (P); or simply נפשׁ, 3 Mos 19,28; 3 Mos 21,1; 3 Mos 22,4 (all H) 4 Mos 5,2; 4 Mos 6,11; 4 Mos 9,10 (all P); elsewhere only Hag 2,13.
\ \ a. paraphrase for personal pronoun especially in poetry and ornate discourse, 70 t.; (1) נַפְשִׁי = me: אל תבא נפשׁי 1 Mos 49,6 let me not enter (poem in J); מות ישׁרים ׳תָּמֹת נ 4 Mos 23,10 let me die, etc. (poem); תָּמוֺת נַפְשְׁי Dom 16,30 (J); אמרה נפשׁי Klg 3,24 I say. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: לְאֻמִּים תַּחַת נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Es 43,4 peoples instead of thee; אָֽמְרוּ לְנַפְשֵׁךְ Es 51,23. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = he: נפשׁו בטוב תלין Psalms he will not dwell in good circumstances. (4) נַפְשֵׁנוּ = we: נַפְשֵׁנוּ כְּצִפּוֺר נִמְלְטָה מִפַּח יוֺקְשִׁים Sl 124,7. (5) נַפְשָׁם = they, them: נַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָ֑כָה Es 46,2 they are gone into captivity; אוי לנפשׁם Es 3,9.
\ \ b. = reflexive, self, 53 t.: אסר על נפשׁ bind oneself 4 Mos 30,3; 4 Mos 30,5 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 30,6; 4 Mos 30,7; 4 Mos 30,8; 4 Mos 30,9; 4 Mos 30,10; 4 Mos 30,11; 4 Mos 30,12 ׳לְעַנֹּת נ 4 Mos 30,14 to afflict oneself . (1) נַפְשִׁי = myself: לא אדע נפשׁי Job 9,21 I know not myself. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thyself: ׳שׁמר נ 5 Mos 4,9 keep thyself. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = himself: ׳אהב כנ 1 Sam 18,1; 1 Sam 18,3; 1 Sam 20,17 loved as himself. (4) נַפְשָׁהּ = herself: ׳צדּקה נ Jer 3,11 justified herself. (5) נַפְשָׁם = themselves: ׳הציל נ deliver themselves Es 47,14; Ezk 14,14; Ezk 14,20. (6) נַפְשְׁכֶם, נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם = yourselves: ׳אַלתַּֿשִּׁאוּ נ Jer 37,9 deceive not yourselves, also Jer 42,20; Jer 44,7 ׳ענּה נ 3 Mos 16,29; 3 Mos 16,31; 3 Mos 23,27; 3 Mos 23,32; 4 Mos 29,7 (P); ׳נשׁמרתם לנ 5 Mos 4,15; Jos 23,11 (D). (7) נַפְשׁוֺתֵינוּ = ourselves: ׳על נ Jer 26,19 against ourselves.
\ \ c. = person of man, individual, 144 t., first in D2; especially in H, P, and kindred writers: (1) with אָדָם: אדם ׳נ 3 Mos 24,17 opposed to בהמה ׳נ 3 Mos 24,18 (both H), and so אדם ׳נ human persons 4 Mos 31,35; 4 Mos 31,40; 4 Mos 31,46 (P) 1 Kron 5,21; Ezk 27,13. Elsewhere without אדם: ברכה ׳נ Ord 11,25 one who blesses; רְמִיָּה ׳נ Ord 19,15 idle person; ׳תחת נ ׳נ person in place of person, Job 16,4 כפּר ׳על נ 2 Mos 30,15; 2 Mos 30,16; 4 Mos 15,28; 4 Mos 31,50 (all P) 3 Mos 17,11 (H). (2) נפשׁ = person, any one: 5 Mos 24,7; 5 Mos 27,25; Ord 28,17; Ezk 18,4 (3 t. in verse); Ezk 33,6 elsewhere only H P: 3 Mos 2,1; 3 Mos 4,2; 3 Mos 4,27; 3 Mos 5,1; 3 Mos 5,2; 3 Mos 5,4; 3 Mos 5,15; 3 Mos 5,17; 3 Mos 5,21; 3 Mos 7,18; 3 Mos 7,20; 3 Mos 7,21; 3 Mos 7,25; 3 Mos 7,27; 3 Mos 23,29; 3 Mos 23,30 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 5,6; 4 Mos 15,27; 4 Mos 15,30; 4 Mos 19,22; 4 Mos 31,19; 4 Mos 31,28; 4 Mos 35,11; 4 Mos 35,15; 4 Mos 35,30 (twice in verse); Jos 20,3; Jos 20,9 (all P), 3 Mos 17,10; 3 Mos 17,12; 3 Mos 17,15; 3 Mos 20,6 (twice in verse); 3 Mos 22,6; 3 Mos 22,11 (all H); ׳נכרתה הנ הַהִוא מן that person shall be cut off from: only in 1 Mos 17,14; 2 Mos 12,15; 2 Mos 12,19; 2 Mos 31,14; 3 Mos 7,20; 3 Mos 7,21; 3 Mos 7,27; 4 Mos 9,13; 4 Mos 15,30; 4 Mos 15,31; 4 Mos 19,13; 4 Mos 19,20 (all P), 3 Mos 19,8; 3 Mos 22,3 (both H). (3) נפשׁ collective for persons, in enumerations: 5 Mos 10,22; Jos 10,28; Jos 10,30; Jos 10,32; Jos 10,35; Jos 10,37 (twice in verse); Jos 10,39; Jos 11,11 (all D2) Jer 43,6; Jer 52,29; Jer 52,30 (twice in verse); Ezk 22,25 elsewhere only 1 Mos 12,5; 1 Mos 46,15; 1 Mos 46,18; 1 Mos 46,22; 1 Mos 46,25; 1 Mos 46,26 (twice in verse); 1 Mos 46,27 (twice in verse); 2 Mos 1,5 (twice in verse); 2 Mos 12,16; 4 Mos 31,35; 4 Mos 31,40 (all P). (4) נְפָשׁוֺת persons 1 Mos 36,6; 2 Mos 12,4; 2 Mos 16,16; 4 Mos 19,18 (all P), 3 Mos 18,29; 3 Mos 20,25; 3 Mos 27,2 (all H), 2 Kong 12,5; Ord 11,30; Ord 14,25; Ezk 13,18 (3 t. in verse); Ezk 13,19 (twice in verse); Ezk 13,20 (twice in verse); Ezk 17,17; Ezk 18,4; Ezk 22,27 (נפשׁים Ezk 13,20 see above). (5) נפשׁ = deceased person, sometimes with מֵת, נֶפֶשׁ מֵת 4 Mos 6,6 (P), נַפְשֹׁת מֵת (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 נֶפֶשׁ) 3 Mos 21,11 (H); usually without מֵת, נפשׁ (ה)אדם 4 Mos 9,6; 4 Mos 9,7; 4 Mos 19,11; 4 Mos 19,13 (P); or simply נפשׁ, 3 Mos 19,28; 3 Mos 21,1; 3 Mos 22,4 (all H) 4 Mos 5,2; 4 Mos 6,11; 4 Mos 9,10 (all P); elsewhere only Hag 2,13.
5. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.) —
\ \ a. hunger: רְעֵבָה ׳נ hungry soul Sl 107,9; Ord 27,7 with noun or verb of שׂבע satisfy Es 56,11; Es 58,10; Jer 50,19; Ezk 7,19; Sl 63,6; Sl 107,9; Ord 13,25; Ord 27,7 ׳מתוק לנ Ord 16,24 sweet to the taste.
\ \ b. thirst: עֲיֵפָה ׳נ weary soul Ord 25,25; Jer 31,25 כארץ עיפה ׳נ Sl 143,6 ׳צמאה נ Sl 42,3; Sl 63,2.
\ \ c. appetite in general: יַקִּיפוּ עָלָיו ׳אֹיְבַי בנ Sl 17,9 my enemies compass me about with greed; הִרְחִיבָה שְׁאוֺל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָֽעֲרָה פִיהָ Es 5,14 Sh®°ôl enlarged her appetite, etc., compare Hab 2,5; Ord 23,2 בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ; Ecclesiastes uses נפשׁ only in the sense of a, b, c; the נפשׁ craves, lacks, and is filled with good things: Praed 2,24; Praed 4,8; Praed 6,2; Praed 6,3; Praed 6,7; Praed 6,9; Praed 7,28.
\ \ a. hunger: רְעֵבָה ׳נ hungry soul Sl 107,9; Ord 27,7 with noun or verb of שׂבע satisfy Es 56,11; Es 58,10; Jer 50,19; Ezk 7,19; Sl 63,6; Sl 107,9; Ord 13,25; Ord 27,7 ׳מתוק לנ Ord 16,24 sweet to the taste.
\ \ b. thirst: עֲיֵפָה ׳נ weary soul Ord 25,25; Jer 31,25 כארץ עיפה ׳נ Sl 143,6 ׳צמאה נ Sl 42,3; Sl 63,2.
\ \ c. appetite in general: יַקִּיפוּ עָלָיו ׳אֹיְבַי בנ Sl 17,9 my enemies compass me about with greed; הִרְחִיבָה שְׁאוֺל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָֽעֲרָה פִיהָ Es 5,14 Sh®°ôl enlarged her appetite, etc., compare Hab 2,5; Ord 23,2 בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ; Ecclesiastes uses נפשׁ only in the sense of a, b, c; the נפשׁ craves, lacks, and is filled with good things: Praed 2,24; Praed 4,8; Praed 6,2; Praed 6,3; Praed 6,7; Praed 6,9; Praed 7,28.
6. = ׳נ seat of emotions and passions (151 t.) —
\ \ a. desire: ׳אִוְּתָה נ soul desires 5 Mos 12,20; 5 Mos 14,26; 1 Sam 2,16; 2 Sam 3,21; 1 Kong 11,37; Job 23,13; Ord 13,4; Ord 21,10; Mik 7,1 ׳תַּאֲוַת נ Sl 10,3; Es 26,8 ׳אַוַּת נ 5 Mos 12,15; 5 Mos 12,20; 5 Mos 12,21; 5 Mos 18,6; 1 Sam 23,20; Jer 2,24 so also לנפשׁ according to one's desire 5 Mos 21,14; Sl 78,18; Jer 34,16 כנפשׁ 5 Mos 23,25 האח נפשׁנו ah, our desire Sl 35,25 בנפשׁ at one's desire Sl 105,22; Ezk 16,27 יָָֽצְאָה ׳נ בְדַבְּרוֺ Hoj 5,6 ׳נשׂא נ lift up the soul, desire 5 Mos 24,15; 2 Sam 14,14 (read אליהם, not אלהים), Sl 24,4; Sl 25,1; Sl 86,4; Sl 143,8; Ord 19,8; Jer 22,27; Jer 44,14; Hos 4,8.
\ \ b. abhorrence, loathing: ׳געלה נ soul abhorreth 3 Mos 26,11; 3 Mos 26,15; 3 Mos 26,30; 3 Mos 26,43 (H) Jer 14,19 בחלה בי ׳וגם נ Zak 11,8 and their soul also fell a loathing against me.
\ \ c. sorrow and distress: ׳מרי נ bitter, gloomy, discontented of soul Dom 18,25 (E) 2 Sam 17,8; Job 3,20; Ord 31,6 ׳מר נ 1 Sam 22,2 compare Job 7,11; Job 10,1; Es 38,15; Ezk 27,1 ׳עָֽגְמָה נ Job 30,35 grieved; ׳אגמי נ sad of soul Es 19,10 ׳תבכה נ my soul shall weep Jer 13,17 ירעה ׳נ his soul trembleth Es 15,4 ׳צרת נ distress of soul 1 Mos 42,21 (E).
\ \ d. joy: תגיל ׳נ my soul rejoiceth Sl 35,9; Es 61,10 ׳שׂמּח נ rejoice the soul Sl 86,4 also Sl 94,19; Sl 138,3; Ord 29,17.
\ \ e. love: ׳אהבה נ my soul loveth Hoj 1,7; Hoj 3,1; Hoj 3,2; Hoj 3,3; Hoj 3,4 ׳יְדִדוּת נ darling of my soul Jer 12,7 ׳ב ׳דבקה נ his soul clave unto 1 Mos 34,3 (J), with אחרי Sl 63,9 חשׁקה ׳ב ׳נ soul is attached to 1 Mos 34,8 (P). feminine alienation, hatred, revenge: מן ׳תֵּקַע נ the soul is alienated from Jer 6,8; Ezk 23,17; Ezk 23,18 מן ׳נקעה נ Ezk 23,18; Ezk 23,22; Ezk 23,28 ׳שְׂנֻאי נ hated of soul 2 Sam 5,8 (Qr); ׳שׂנאה נ Sl 11,5; Es 1,14.
\ \ g. other emotions and feelings: ׳השׁיב נ bring back soul Klg 1,11; Klg 1,19 (i.e. revive, compare with שׁוּב 1 Kong 17,21f.), hence figurative refresh, cheer, v1 Kong 17,16; Sl 19,8; Ord 25,14; Rut 4,15 ׳שׁובב נ Sl 23,3 ׳מַחְמַל נ your souls' compassion Ezk 24,21 ׳קצרה נ soul was impatient 4 Mos 21,4 (E), Dom 10,16; Dom 16,16; Zak 11,8 כי ׳אאריך נ that I should prolong my patience Job 6,11 הגר ׳ידעתם אתנֿ ye know the feeling of the stranger 2 Mos 23,9 (RD).
\ \ a. desire: ׳אִוְּתָה נ soul desires 5 Mos 12,20; 5 Mos 14,26; 1 Sam 2,16; 2 Sam 3,21; 1 Kong 11,37; Job 23,13; Ord 13,4; Ord 21,10; Mik 7,1 ׳תַּאֲוַת נ Sl 10,3; Es 26,8 ׳אַוַּת נ 5 Mos 12,15; 5 Mos 12,20; 5 Mos 12,21; 5 Mos 18,6; 1 Sam 23,20; Jer 2,24 so also לנפשׁ according to one's desire 5 Mos 21,14; Sl 78,18; Jer 34,16 כנפשׁ 5 Mos 23,25 האח נפשׁנו ah, our desire Sl 35,25 בנפשׁ at one's desire Sl 105,22; Ezk 16,27 יָָֽצְאָה ׳נ בְדַבְּרוֺ Hoj 5,6 ׳נשׂא נ lift up the soul, desire 5 Mos 24,15; 2 Sam 14,14 (read אליהם, not אלהים), Sl 24,4; Sl 25,1; Sl 86,4; Sl 143,8; Ord 19,8; Jer 22,27; Jer 44,14; Hos 4,8.
\ \ b. abhorrence, loathing: ׳געלה נ soul abhorreth 3 Mos 26,11; 3 Mos 26,15; 3 Mos 26,30; 3 Mos 26,43 (H) Jer 14,19 בחלה בי ׳וגם נ Zak 11,8 and their soul also fell a loathing against me.
\ \ c. sorrow and distress: ׳מרי נ bitter, gloomy, discontented of soul Dom 18,25 (E) 2 Sam 17,8; Job 3,20; Ord 31,6 ׳מר נ 1 Sam 22,2 compare Job 7,11; Job 10,1; Es 38,15; Ezk 27,1 ׳עָֽגְמָה נ Job 30,35 grieved; ׳אגמי נ sad of soul Es 19,10 ׳תבכה נ my soul shall weep Jer 13,17 ירעה ׳נ his soul trembleth Es 15,4 ׳צרת נ distress of soul 1 Mos 42,21 (E).
\ \ d. joy: תגיל ׳נ my soul rejoiceth Sl 35,9; Es 61,10 ׳שׂמּח נ rejoice the soul Sl 86,4 also Sl 94,19; Sl 138,3; Ord 29,17.
\ \ e. love: ׳אהבה נ my soul loveth Hoj 1,7; Hoj 3,1; Hoj 3,2; Hoj 3,3; Hoj 3,4 ׳יְדִדוּת נ darling of my soul Jer 12,7 ׳ב ׳דבקה נ his soul clave unto 1 Mos 34,3 (J), with אחרי Sl 63,9 חשׁקה ׳ב ׳נ soul is attached to 1 Mos 34,8 (P). feminine alienation, hatred, revenge: מן ׳תֵּקַע נ the soul is alienated from Jer 6,8; Ezk 23,17; Ezk 23,18 מן ׳נקעה נ Ezk 23,18; Ezk 23,22; Ezk 23,28 ׳שְׂנֻאי נ hated of soul 2 Sam 5,8 (Qr); ׳שׂנאה נ Sl 11,5; Es 1,14.
\ \ g. other emotions and feelings: ׳השׁיב נ bring back soul Klg 1,11; Klg 1,19 (i.e. revive, compare with שׁוּב 1 Kong 17,21f.), hence figurative refresh, cheer, v1 Kong 17,16; Sl 19,8; Ord 25,14; Rut 4,15 ׳שׁובב נ Sl 23,3 ׳מַחְמַל נ your souls' compassion Ezk 24,21 ׳קצרה נ soul was impatient 4 Mos 21,4 (E), Dom 10,16; Dom 16,16; Zak 11,8 כי ׳אאריך נ that I should prolong my patience Job 6,11 הגר ׳ידעתם אתנֿ ye know the feeling of the stranger 2 Mos 23,9 (RD).
7. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts + לבב (see 10); possibly also alone, owing to unconscious assimilation by late writers; but most, if not all, examples may be otherwise explained: נפשׁי ידעת מאד Sl 139,14 my soul knoweth well (or I know well; compare 4a); בלא לא טוב ׳דעת נ Ord 19,2 that the soul be without knowledge is not good (but RVm desire without knowledge, compare 6 a); ׳דעה חכמה לנ Ord 24,14 know wisdom for thy soul (or according to thy desire, compare 6 a); ׳אל תדמי בנ Est 4,13 think not in thy soul (or in thyself, compare 4 b); כמו שׁער ׳בג Ord 23,7 as he reckoneth in his soul (but RV in himself, compare 4 b); ׳מה תאמר נ 1 Sam 20,4 (but AV RV following ᵐ5 ἐπιθυμεῖ = תְּאַוֶּה; see 6 a).
8. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dubious: אם ישׁ נפשׁכם (את) if it is your purpose 1 Mos 23,8 (P) 2 Kong 9,15 (or if it is your desire, 6 a); ׳בחרה נ my soul chooseth Job 7,15 ׳מאנה נ my soul, refuseth Job 6,7; Sl 77,3 חפצה ׳נ their soul delighteth in Es 66,3 רצתה ׳נ my soul delighteth in Es 42,1 (all perhaps emotional, 6 b, d, g).
9. נפשׁ = character is still more dubious: בּוֺ ׳לאֹיָָֽֿשְׁרָה נ Hab 2,4 his soul is not right in him (but ᵐ5 οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν αὐτῷ [εὐδοκεῖ = רצתה], see
6.); נַפְשִׁי לאֹ מְטֻמָּאָה Ezk 4,14 my soul hath not (or I have not, 4 a) been polluted.
10. ׳נin D, when used with לבב, is assimilated to it, and shares with it the meanings of 7, 8, 9; and so in later writers influenced by D (unless we may think that ׳ל is used of intellect, while ׳נ is used of the feelings): thus, בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ (see לבב): with דרשׁ 5 Mos 4,29; 2 Kron 15,12 עשׂה 5 Mos 26,16 אהב 5 Mos 6,5; 5 Mos 13,4; 5 Mos 30,6 ידע Jos 23,14 עבד 5 Mos 10,12; 5 Mos 11,13; Jos 22,5 שׁמע בקלו 5 Mos 30,2 שׁוב אל 5 Mos 30,10; 1 Kong 8,48 = 2 Kron 6,38; 2 Kong 23,25 שׁמר מצות 2 Kong 23,3 = 2 Kron 34,31 הלך לפני1 Kong 2,4 and 5 Mos 11,18; 1 Sam 2,35; 1 Kron 22,19; 1 Kron 28,9; Jer 32,41; Sl 13,8; Ord 2,10; Ord 24,12. Note. — In three cases is generally found closer approach to supposed radical meaning breath: —
\ \ a. שׁמן וקטרת ישׂמח לב ומתק רעהו מעצת נפשׁ Ord 27,9. Ges (after Döderlein) renders a. ׳מעצת נ more than odorous trees, so later edds., even Buhl; but ᵑ9 De SS transpose) מֵעֲצַת רֵעֵהוּ ׳וּמֶתֶק נ. ᵐ5 Hi Bi ומתקרעה = the soul is rent asunder by cares. In any case נפשׁis || לב, compare
\ \ a. שׁמן וקטרת ישׂמח לב ומתק רעהו מעצת נפשׁ Ord 27,9. Ges (after Döderlein) renders a. ׳מעצת נ more than odorous trees, so later edds., even Buhl; but ᵑ9 De SS transpose) מֵעֲצַת רֵעֵהוּ ׳וּמֶתֶק נ. ᵐ5 Hi Bi ומתקרעה = the soul is rent asunder by cares. In any case נפשׁis || לב, compare
10. b. נַפְשׁוֺ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵט Job 41,13 his breath kindleth coals (of the crocodile).The piece is one of the latest in the book; primitive meaning hardly in such a passage; context favours reference to passion or fury; perhaps below 6 f, his passion or fury kindleth coals.
\ \ c. בָּתֵּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ Es 3,20 perfume boxes; meaning evident from context; but not necessarily scent (breath)-boxes; may be 6 a, boxes of desire, or 5, boxes exciting the sense of smell; = smelling boxes or bottles. No sufficient evidence in Biblical Hebrew, therefore, for meaning breath, odour. — See, for complete study of נֶפֶשׁ (all passages), BrJBL 1897,17 ff.
\ \ c. בָּתֵּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ Es 3,20 perfume boxes; meaning evident from context; but not necessarily scent (breath)-boxes; may be 6 a, boxes of desire, or 5, boxes exciting the sense of smell; = smelling boxes or bottles. No sufficient evidence in Biblical Hebrew, therefore, for meaning breath, odour. — See, for complete study of נֶפֶשׁ (all passages), BrJBL 1897,17 ff.
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רוּחַ BDB7797
רוּחַ378 noun feminine1 Mos 41,8 (less often masculine2 Mos 10,13 +) breath, wind, spirit; — absolute ׳ר 1 Mos 8,1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jer 52,23 construct רוּחַ 1 Mos 6,17 +; suffix רוּחִי v1 Mos 6,3 +, רוּחֲךָ Sl 104,30 +, etc.; plural רוּחוֺת vSl 104,4 +, רֻחוֺת Jer 49,36, רוּחֹת 4 Mos 16,22; 4 Mos 26,16 (see Brרוח in O.T., JBL xix (1900), 132 ff., full statement of all passages); —
1. breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.):
\ \ a. רוּחַ פִּיו Job 15,30 breath of his mouth, compare Job 19,17 רוּחַ אַפֵּינוּ Klg 4,20 (figurative of king), of idols לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jer 10,14 = Jer 51,17, Hab 2,19; Sl 135,17 compare Job 9,18.
\ \ b. as mere breath: compare 2 e. דִּבְרֵירֿוּחַ Job 16,3 i.e. windy words; נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6,26, הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jer 5,13.
\ \ c. as word of command: (1) of God: (נעשׂו) בְּרוּחַ פִּיו כָּלֿ צְבָאָםSl 33,6, compare Es 34,16 (|| פֶּה); (2) of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Es 11,4.
\ \ d. as hard breathing through the nostrils in anger: (1) of God: מֵרוּח אַפּוֺ יִכְלוּ Job 4,9; 2 Mos 15,8 (poem), 2 Sam 22,16 = Sl 18,16; Es 30,28; Es 59,19 (2) of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Es 25,4.
\ \ e. as sign and symbol of life: רוּחַ חַיִּים breath of life 1 Mos 6,17; 1 Mos 7,15 (P); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַפָּיו 1 Mos 7,22 (P); Ezk 37,5, compare vEzk 37,6 vEzk 37,8 vEzk 37,9 vEzk 37,9 vEzk 37,9 vEzk 37,10 vEzk 37,14 (breath or spirit), Praed 3,19.
\ \ a. רוּחַ פִּיו Job 15,30 breath of his mouth, compare Job 19,17 רוּחַ אַפֵּינוּ Klg 4,20 (figurative of king), of idols לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jer 10,14 = Jer 51,17, Hab 2,19; Sl 135,17 compare Job 9,18.
\ \ b. as mere breath: compare 2 e. דִּבְרֵירֿוּחַ Job 16,3 i.e. windy words; נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6,26, הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jer 5,13.
\ \ c. as word of command: (1) of God: (נעשׂו) בְּרוּחַ פִּיו כָּלֿ צְבָאָםSl 33,6, compare Es 34,16 (|| פֶּה); (2) of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Es 11,4.
\ \ d. as hard breathing through the nostrils in anger: (1) of God: מֵרוּח אַפּוֺ יִכְלוּ Job 4,9; 2 Mos 15,8 (poem), 2 Sam 22,16 = Sl 18,16; Es 30,28; Es 59,19 (2) of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Es 25,4.
\ \ e. as sign and symbol of life: רוּחַ חַיִּים breath of life 1 Mos 6,17; 1 Mos 7,15 (P); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַפָּיו 1 Mos 7,22 (P); Ezk 37,5, compare vEzk 37,6 vEzk 37,8 vEzk 37,9 vEzk 37,9 vEzk 37,9 vEzk 37,10 vEzk 37,14 (breath or spirit), Praed 3,19.
2. wind (117 t.):
\ \ a. wind of heaven: 1 Mos 8,1 (P) 2 Mos 15,10 (E) 4 Mos 11,31 (J) 1 Kong 18,45 +, Jer 10,13, thence Jer 51,16; Sl 135,7 ׳רוּחַ י Hos 13,15; Es 40,7, compare Job 26,13 (Di Bu); רוּחַ (ה)קָדִים east wind 2 Mos 10,13 (twice in verse); 2 Mos 14,21 (J) Sl 48,8; Jer 18,17; Ezk 17,10; Ezk 19,12; Ezk 27,26; Jon 4,8 צָפוֺן ׳ר north wind Ord 25,23 יָם ׳ר sea wind (west wind) 2 Mos 10,19 (J); . הַיּוֺם ׳ר day wind, evening wind 1 Mos 3,8 (J; compare Hoj 2,17; Hoj 4,6); אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת four winds Jer 49,36; Ezk 37,9 (quarters?) Dan 8,8; Dan 11,4 (figurative quarters; compare b), Zak 2,10; Zak 6,5 רוּחַ סְעְרָה storm wind Sl 107,25; Sl 148,8; Ezk 1,4 (סְעָרוֺת ׳ר), Ezk 13,11; Ezk 13,13 רוּחַ סֹעָה rushing wind Sl 55,9 (read possibly סערה Hup); בַּעְיָם רוּחוֺ Es 11,15 (read ׳בְּעֹצֶם ר, see עֲיָם, עֹצֶם), etc; wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2 Sam 22,11 = Sl 18,11; Sl 104,3, compare Hos 4,19; Sl 104,4.
\ \ b. quarter (of wind), side: רוּחַ הַקָּדִים Ezk 42,16 east side; רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן vEzk 42,17 north side; רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם vEzk 42,18 south side; רוּחַ הַיָּם vEzk 42,19 west side; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת vEzk 42,20; 1 Kron 9,24 four sides; ר֑וּחָה Jer 52,23 on the sides.
\ \ c. breath of air: שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jer 14,6 רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41,8.
\ \ d. air, gas, from womb (dubious): כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Es 26,18 (Di, e); רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם (RV breath) Es 33,11 (Du, 3 c).
\ \ e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7,7 my life is wind; דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15,2 רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ נִסְכֵּיהֶם Es 41,29 רְעוּת רוּחַ striving for wind Praed 1,14; Praed 2,11; Praed 2,17; Praed 2,26; Praed 4,4; Praed 4,6; Praed 6,9 compare Praed 1,17; Praed 4,16; Praed 5,15.
\ \ a. wind of heaven: 1 Mos 8,1 (P) 2 Mos 15,10 (E) 4 Mos 11,31 (J) 1 Kong 18,45 +, Jer 10,13, thence Jer 51,16; Sl 135,7 ׳רוּחַ י Hos 13,15; Es 40,7, compare Job 26,13 (Di Bu); רוּחַ (ה)קָדִים east wind 2 Mos 10,13 (twice in verse); 2 Mos 14,21 (J) Sl 48,8; Jer 18,17; Ezk 17,10; Ezk 19,12; Ezk 27,26; Jon 4,8 צָפוֺן ׳ר north wind Ord 25,23 יָם ׳ר sea wind (west wind) 2 Mos 10,19 (J); . הַיּוֺם ׳ר day wind, evening wind 1 Mos 3,8 (J; compare Hoj 2,17; Hoj 4,6); אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת four winds Jer 49,36; Ezk 37,9 (quarters?) Dan 8,8; Dan 11,4 (figurative quarters; compare b), Zak 2,10; Zak 6,5 רוּחַ סְעְרָה storm wind Sl 107,25; Sl 148,8; Ezk 1,4 (סְעָרוֺת ׳ר), Ezk 13,11; Ezk 13,13 רוּחַ סֹעָה rushing wind Sl 55,9 (read possibly סערה Hup); בַּעְיָם רוּחוֺ Es 11,15 (read ׳בְּעֹצֶם ר, see עֲיָם, עֹצֶם), etc; wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2 Sam 22,11 = Sl 18,11; Sl 104,3, compare Hos 4,19; Sl 104,4.
\ \ b. quarter (of wind), side: רוּחַ הַקָּדִים Ezk 42,16 east side; רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן vEzk 42,17 north side; רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם vEzk 42,18 south side; רוּחַ הַיָּם vEzk 42,19 west side; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת vEzk 42,20; 1 Kron 9,24 four sides; ר֑וּחָה Jer 52,23 on the sides.
\ \ c. breath of air: שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jer 14,6 רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41,8.
\ \ d. air, gas, from womb (dubious): כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Es 26,18 (Di, e); רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם (RV breath) Es 33,11 (Du, 3 c).
\ \ e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7,7 my life is wind; דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15,2 רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ נִסְכֵּיהֶם Es 41,29 רְעוּת רוּחַ striving for wind Praed 1,14; Praed 2,11; Praed 2,17; Praed 2,26; Praed 4,4; Praed 4,6; Praed 6,9 compare Praed 1,17; Praed 4,16; Praed 5,15.
3. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):
\ \ a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֺד רוּחַ 1 Kong 10,5 = 2 Kron 9,4 מַהזֶּֿה רוּחֲךָ סָרָה 1 Kong 21,5 וַתְּחִי רוּחַ 1 Mos 45,27 (E); וַתָּשָׁב רוּחוֺ Dom 15,19; 1 Sam 30,12.
\ \ b. courage: ׳לֹא הָיָה בָם עוֺד ר Jos 5,1 נְגִידִים ׳יִבְצֹר ר Sl 76,13 מִצְרַיִם ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה ר Es 19,3 תתעטּף רוּחִי Sl 77,4; Sl 142,4; Sl 143,4 לֹא קָמָה ׳עוֺד ר Jos 2,11 אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵהוּ ׳ר Ord 18,14.
\ \ c. temper, especially anger: ׳רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין וגו Dom 9,23 אָז רָֽפְתָה רוּחָם Dom 8,3 משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֺ Ord 16,32, compare Ord 25,28; Ord 29,11; Job 15,13 הֵנִיחוּ אֶתרֿוּחִי Zak 6,8; Praed 7,9; Praed 10,4.
\ \ d. impatience or patience: קֹצֶר רוּחַ 2 Mos 6,9 (P) impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of ׳י) Mik 2,7 קְצַררֿוּחַ Ord 14,29 (|| אֶרֶךְ אַפַיִם); הֱצִיקַתְנִי רוּחַ בִּטְנִי Job 32,18 (Du breath; Di Bu divine spirit, compare vJob 32,8); אִם מַדּוּעַ לֹאתִֿקְצַר רוּחִי Job 21,4 ׳הֲקָצַר רוּחַ י Mik 2,7 ׳אֶרֶךְ ר Praed 7,8.
\ \ e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented; וַתִּפָּעֶם רוּח(וׅ (his) spirit was troubled 1 Mos 41,8 (E) Dan 2,3, compare vDan 2,1 מֹרַת רוּחַ 1 Mos 26,35 (P) bitterness of spirit; ׳עֲצוּבַת ר Es 54,6, compare Ezk 3,14; Job 6,4. feminine as crushed: וְכִהֲתָה כָלרֿוּחַ Ezk 21,12, compare Es 61,3; Ord 15,4; Ord 15,13; Ord 17,22; Ord 18,14; Sl 143,7.
\ \ g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: הֵעִיר אֶתרֿוּחַ 1 Kron 5,26 (twice in verse); 2 Kron 21,16; 2 Kron 36,22; Ezr 1,1; Ezr 1,5; Jer 51,11; Hag 1,14 (3 t. in verse); הִנְנִי נ(וֺ)תֵן בּוֺ רוּח2 Kong 19,7 = Es 37,7; 4 Mos 14,24 (J; see עִם 4 b), Mal 2,15 (twice in verse); Mal 2,16; 5 Mos 2,30 רוּחַ קִנְאָה jealous disposition 4 Mos 5,14 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 5,30 (P); רוּחַ וְנוּנִים Hos 4,12; Hos 5,4 רוּחַ עִוְעִיםEs 19,14 רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Es 28,6 אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר רוּחַ אֱלהִֹרם בּוֺ (administrative) 1 Mos 41,38 (E); קַר רוּחַ אִישׁ הְּבוּנָה Ord 17,27.
\ \ h. prophetic spirit: יְהוֺשֻׁעַ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁרֿ רוּחַ בּזֹ4 Mos 27,18 (P; or g, as 1 Mos 41,38); רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע2 Kong 2,15, compare v2 Kong 2,9 רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare 1 Mos 2,21; 1 Mos 15,12, but Di and others g, as Es 19,14) Es 29,10; Mik 2,11 רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zak 13,2 (of lying prophets), compare Ezk 13,3.
\ \ a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֺד רוּחַ 1 Kong 10,5 = 2 Kron 9,4 מַהזֶּֿה רוּחֲךָ סָרָה 1 Kong 21,5 וַתְּחִי רוּחַ 1 Mos 45,27 (E); וַתָּשָׁב רוּחוֺ Dom 15,19; 1 Sam 30,12.
\ \ b. courage: ׳לֹא הָיָה בָם עוֺד ר Jos 5,1 נְגִידִים ׳יִבְצֹר ר Sl 76,13 מִצְרַיִם ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה ר Es 19,3 תתעטּף רוּחִי Sl 77,4; Sl 142,4; Sl 143,4 לֹא קָמָה ׳עוֺד ר Jos 2,11 אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵהוּ ׳ר Ord 18,14.
\ \ c. temper, especially anger: ׳רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין וגו Dom 9,23 אָז רָֽפְתָה רוּחָם Dom 8,3 משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֺ Ord 16,32, compare Ord 25,28; Ord 29,11; Job 15,13 הֵנִיחוּ אֶתרֿוּחִי Zak 6,8; Praed 7,9; Praed 10,4.
\ \ d. impatience or patience: קֹצֶר רוּחַ 2 Mos 6,9 (P) impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of ׳י) Mik 2,7 קְצַררֿוּחַ Ord 14,29 (|| אֶרֶךְ אַפַיִם); הֱצִיקַתְנִי רוּחַ בִּטְנִי Job 32,18 (Du breath; Di Bu divine spirit, compare vJob 32,8); אִם מַדּוּעַ לֹאתִֿקְצַר רוּחִי Job 21,4 ׳הֲקָצַר רוּחַ י Mik 2,7 ׳אֶרֶךְ ר Praed 7,8.
\ \ e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented; וַתִּפָּעֶם רוּח(וׅ (his) spirit was troubled 1 Mos 41,8 (E) Dan 2,3, compare vDan 2,1 מֹרַת רוּחַ 1 Mos 26,35 (P) bitterness of spirit; ׳עֲצוּבַת ר Es 54,6, compare Ezk 3,14; Job 6,4. feminine as crushed: וְכִהֲתָה כָלרֿוּחַ Ezk 21,12, compare Es 61,3; Ord 15,4; Ord 15,13; Ord 17,22; Ord 18,14; Sl 143,7.
\ \ g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: הֵעִיר אֶתרֿוּחַ 1 Kron 5,26 (twice in verse); 2 Kron 21,16; 2 Kron 36,22; Ezr 1,1; Ezr 1,5; Jer 51,11; Hag 1,14 (3 t. in verse); הִנְנִי נ(וֺ)תֵן בּוֺ רוּח2 Kong 19,7 = Es 37,7; 4 Mos 14,24 (J; see עִם 4 b), Mal 2,15 (twice in verse); Mal 2,16; 5 Mos 2,30 רוּחַ קִנְאָה jealous disposition 4 Mos 5,14 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 5,30 (P); רוּחַ וְנוּנִים Hos 4,12; Hos 5,4 רוּחַ עִוְעִיםEs 19,14 רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Es 28,6 אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר רוּחַ אֱלהִֹרם בּוֺ (administrative) 1 Mos 41,38 (E); קַר רוּחַ אִישׁ הְּבוּנָה Ord 17,27.
\ \ h. prophetic spirit: יְהוֺשֻׁעַ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁרֿ רוּחַ בּזֹ4 Mos 27,18 (P; or g, as 1 Mos 41,38); רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע2 Kong 2,15, compare v2 Kong 2,9 רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare 1 Mos 2,21; 1 Mos 15,12, but Di and others g, as Es 19,14) Es 29,10; Mik 2,11 רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zak 13,2 (of lying prophets), compare Ezk 13,3.
4. spirit of the living, breathing being, dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, || נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):
\ \ a. gift and creation of God: יֹצֵר רוּחַ אָדָם בְּקִרְבּוֺ Zak 12,1 רוּחַ אֱלוֺהַּ בְּאַפִּי Job 27,3, compare Es 42,5.
\ \ b. God preserves it: פְּקֻדָּֽתְךָ שָֽׁמְרָה רוּחִי Job 10,12, compare Job 12,10 אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחֹת לְכָל בָּשָׂ֑ר 4 Mos 16,22; 4 Mos 27,16 (P); תֹּכֵן רוּחוֺת Ord 16,2.
\ \ c. it is therefore God's spirit: 1 Mos 6,3 (J; see דִּין near the end).
\ \ d. it departs at death: Sl 78,39 (Dr a wind that passeth away 2 e); חַיֵּי רוּחִי Es 38,16 (Di principle of life), Sl 146,4 especially Sl 104,29; Sl 104,30; Job 17,1; Job 34,14 (compare vJob 34,15), Es 57,16; Praed 8,8 (twice in verse) (wind Wild); אֵינְךָ יוֺדֵעַ מַהדֶּֿרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Praed 11,5, compare Praed 3,21 over ag. הָרוּחַ תָּשׁוּב אֶלהָֿאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נְתָנָהּ Praed 12,7 בְּיָָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי Sl 31,6.
\ \ e. disembodied being (dubious, Di Du breath of wind): וְרוּחַ עַלפָּֿנַי יַחֲלֹף Job 4,15.
\ \ a. gift and creation of God: יֹצֵר רוּחַ אָדָם בְּקִרְבּוֺ Zak 12,1 רוּחַ אֱלוֺהַּ בְּאַפִּי Job 27,3, compare Es 42,5.
\ \ b. God preserves it: פְּקֻדָּֽתְךָ שָֽׁמְרָה רוּחִי Job 10,12, compare Job 12,10 אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחֹת לְכָל בָּשָׂ֑ר 4 Mos 16,22; 4 Mos 27,16 (P); תֹּכֵן רוּחוֺת Ord 16,2.
\ \ c. it is therefore God's spirit: 1 Mos 6,3 (J; see דִּין near the end).
\ \ d. it departs at death: Sl 78,39 (Dr a wind that passeth away 2 e); חַיֵּי רוּחִי Es 38,16 (Di principle of life), Sl 146,4 especially Sl 104,29; Sl 104,30; Job 17,1; Job 34,14 (compare vJob 34,15), Es 57,16; Praed 8,8 (twice in verse) (wind Wild); אֵינְךָ יוֺדֵעַ מַהדֶּֿרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Praed 11,5, compare Praed 3,21 over ag. הָרוּחַ תָּשׁוּב אֶלהָֿאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נְתָנָהּ Praed 12,7 בְּיָָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי Sl 31,6.
\ \ e. disembodied being (dubious, Di Du breath of wind): וְרוּחַ עַלפָּֿנַי יַחֲלֹף Job 4,15.
5. spirit as seat of emotion = נֶפֶשׁ:
\ \ a. desire (possibly 3 g), Es 26,9 (|| נֶפֶשׁ).
\ \ b. sorrow, trouble (probably 3 e), Job 7,11 (|| נֶפֶשׁ). — 1 Sam 1,15 see קָשֶׁה.
\ \ a. desire (possibly 3 g), Es 26,9 (|| נֶפֶשׁ).
\ \ b. sorrow, trouble (probably 3 e), Job 7,11 (|| נֶפֶשׁ). — 1 Sam 1,15 see קָשֶׁה.
6. occasionally, (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts, || לֵב, or synonym with it: רוּחַ חָכְמָה 2 Mos 28,3; 5 Mos 34,9 (both P; probably 3 g); תּעֵי רוּחַ Es 29,24, compare Job 20,3 (Hi Bu Du wind of Job's words), Sl 77,7 (ᵐ5 Symm ᵑ6 Jerome troubled disposition); רוּחַ יהוה Es 40,13 come into mind (compare לֵב Es 65,17; Jer 3,16 +); 1 Kron 28,12.
7. rarely of the will; also = רוּחַ נָכוֺן לֵב Sl 51,12 (= לֵב נָכוֺן Sl 57,8 (twice in verse) +); רוּחַ נְדִיבָה vSl 51,14 נָָֽדְבָה רוּחוֺ 2 Mos 35,21 (P; compare נְדִיב לֵב 2 Mos 35,5; 2 Mos 35,22 (P) 2 Kron 29,31).
8. רוּחַ especially of moral character; also = ׃לֵב רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁהEzk 11,19; Ezk 18,31; Ezk 36,26 רוּחִי vEzk 36,27; Es 59,21 (רוּחִי, || דְּבָרַי; but probably prophetic spirit 9 b); לֵב חָדָשׁ Ezk 18,31; Ezk 36,26 נְכֵה רוּחַ Es 66,2 דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ Sl 34,19 (compare לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Es 57,15); מִשֵּׁבֶר רוּחַ Es 65,14 (compare 3 f); רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרֶה Sl 51,19 (|| לֵב נִשְׁבָּר, compare נִשְׁבְּרֵי לֵב Sl 34,19; Es 61,1); Sl 32,2; Ord 11,13; Ord 16,18; Sl 78,8; Praed 7,8 (compare גְּבַהּלֵב Ord 16,5); שְׁפַל רוּחַ Ord 16,19; Ord 29,23; Es 57,15 רוּחַ שְׁפָלִים vEs 57,15 (compare 3 f).
9. spirit of God (94 t.; not D or Jeremiah or any Deuteronomic writer; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy probably discredited from abuse by false prophets, see נביא, נבא):
\ \ a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy, 4 Mos 11,17; 4 Mos 11,25 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 11,26; 4 Mos 11,29 (J), 1 Sam 10,6; 1 Sam 10,10 (compare v1 Sam 10,5), 1 Sam 19,20; 1 Sam 19,23 as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as אֱלֹהִים רָעָה ׳ר 1 Sam 16,15 (twice in verse); 1 Sam 16,16, = ׳רָעָה מֵאֵת י ׳ר v1 Sam 16,14 = רָעָה ׳א ׳צלח ר 1 Sam 18,10 (other narrative) = רָעָה ׳י ׳ר 1 Sam 19,9 ׳א ׳ר 1 Sam 16,23 = רוּחַ הָרָעָה v1 Sam 16,23, compare הָרוּחַ 1 Kong 22,21 = שֶׁקֶר ׳ר v1 Kong 22,22 v1 Kong 22,23 = 2 Kron 18,20; 2 Kron 18,21; 2 Kron 18,22 = ׳רוּחַ י 1 Kong 22,24 = 2 Kron 18,23 compare also (in earlier prophets) אִישׁ הָרוּחַ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, || הַנָּבִּיא Hos 9,7 ׳רוּחַ י Mik 3,8 (|| בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (We Now); וְלֹא רוּחִי Es 30,1 רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.: Ezk 2,2; Ezk 3,12; Ezk 3,14; Ezk 3,24; Ezk 8,3; Ezk 11,1; Ezk 11,5; Ezk 11,24 (Co gloss), Ezk 37,1; Ezk 43,5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah 1 Kong 18,12; 2 Kong 2,16.
\ \ b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably 4 Mos 24,2; 2 Sam 23,2; 1 Kron 12,18 elsewhere in Chronicles: 2 Kron 15,1; 2 Kron 20,14; 2 Kron 24,20 distinctly in Isa2, Es 48,16, compare Es 61,1 so of ancient prophets, Zak 7,12; Neh 9,30 compare, of future prophetic gift, Joel 3,1; Joel 3,2.
\ \ c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to שֹׁפְטִים, מוֺשִׁיעִים, מְלָכִים, of ancient Israel: וַתְּהִי רוּחַ על ׳י Dom 3,10; Dom 11,29, compare Dom 6,34; Dom 13,25; Dom 14,6; Dom 14,19; Dom 15,14; 1 Sam 11,6; 1 Sam 16,13; 1 Sam 16,14 so also עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֺם Es 32,15 (2) resting upon Messianic king: Es 11,2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of ׳י, Es 42,1.
\ \ d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill 2 Mos 31,3; 2 Mos 35,31 (P); understanding Job 32,8 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); poured out by divine wisdom Ord 1,23.
\ \ e. as energy of life: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַלפְּֿנֵי הַמָּ֑יִם 1 Mos 1,2 (P); רוּחַ אֵל עָשָׂ֑תְנִי Job 33,4 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); as vital power, opposed to בָשָׂר: Es 31,3 in cherubic chariot: Ezk 1,12, compare vEzk 1,20 vEzk 1,21; Ezk 10,17 reviving Israel Ezk 39,29; Zak 12,10; Es 44,3. feminine = ancient angel of the presence and later Shekina: קָדְשׁוֺ ׳ר Es 63,10; Es 63,11 = ׳י ׳ר vEs 63,14 (= מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו vEs 63,9), compare Sl 106,33 so also קָדְשְׁךָ ׳ר Sl 51,13 (in national prayer), compare Neh 9,20; Sl 143,10 prophets of restoration conceive of the divine spirit as standing in their midst and about to fulfil all divine promises: רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֺכֲכֶם Hag 2,5; Zak 4,6 this conception culminates in רוּחַ = divine Presence, and as such omnipresent, Sl 139,7 (|| פָּנֶיךָ; compare vSl 139,8).
\ \ a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy, 4 Mos 11,17; 4 Mos 11,25 (twice in verse); 4 Mos 11,26; 4 Mos 11,29 (J), 1 Sam 10,6; 1 Sam 10,10 (compare v1 Sam 10,5), 1 Sam 19,20; 1 Sam 19,23 as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as אֱלֹהִים רָעָה ׳ר 1 Sam 16,15 (twice in verse); 1 Sam 16,16, = ׳רָעָה מֵאֵת י ׳ר v1 Sam 16,14 = רָעָה ׳א ׳צלח ר 1 Sam 18,10 (other narrative) = רָעָה ׳י ׳ר 1 Sam 19,9 ׳א ׳ר 1 Sam 16,23 = רוּחַ הָרָעָה v1 Sam 16,23, compare הָרוּחַ 1 Kong 22,21 = שֶׁקֶר ׳ר v1 Kong 22,22 v1 Kong 22,23 = 2 Kron 18,20; 2 Kron 18,21; 2 Kron 18,22 = ׳רוּחַ י 1 Kong 22,24 = 2 Kron 18,23 compare also (in earlier prophets) אִישׁ הָרוּחַ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, || הַנָּבִּיא Hos 9,7 ׳רוּחַ י Mik 3,8 (|| בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (We Now); וְלֹא רוּחִי Es 30,1 רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.: Ezk 2,2; Ezk 3,12; Ezk 3,14; Ezk 3,24; Ezk 8,3; Ezk 11,1; Ezk 11,5; Ezk 11,24 (Co gloss), Ezk 37,1; Ezk 43,5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah 1 Kong 18,12; 2 Kong 2,16.
\ \ b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably 4 Mos 24,2; 2 Sam 23,2; 1 Kron 12,18 elsewhere in Chronicles: 2 Kron 15,1; 2 Kron 20,14; 2 Kron 24,20 distinctly in Isa2, Es 48,16, compare Es 61,1 so of ancient prophets, Zak 7,12; Neh 9,30 compare, of future prophetic gift, Joel 3,1; Joel 3,2.
\ \ c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to שֹׁפְטִים, מוֺשִׁיעִים, מְלָכִים, of ancient Israel: וַתְּהִי רוּחַ על ׳י Dom 3,10; Dom 11,29, compare Dom 6,34; Dom 13,25; Dom 14,6; Dom 14,19; Dom 15,14; 1 Sam 11,6; 1 Sam 16,13; 1 Sam 16,14 so also עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֺם Es 32,15 (2) resting upon Messianic king: Es 11,2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of ׳י, Es 42,1.
\ \ d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill 2 Mos 31,3; 2 Mos 35,31 (P); understanding Job 32,8 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); poured out by divine wisdom Ord 1,23.
\ \ e. as energy of life: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַלפְּֿנֵי הַמָּ֑יִם 1 Mos 1,2 (P); רוּחַ אֵל עָשָׂ֑תְנִי Job 33,4 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); as vital power, opposed to בָשָׂר: Es 31,3 in cherubic chariot: Ezk 1,12, compare vEzk 1,20 vEzk 1,21; Ezk 10,17 reviving Israel Ezk 39,29; Zak 12,10; Es 44,3. feminine = ancient angel of the presence and later Shekina: קָדְשׁוֺ ׳ר Es 63,10; Es 63,11 = ׳י ׳ר vEs 63,14 (= מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו vEs 63,9), compare Sl 106,33 so also קָדְשְׁךָ ׳ר Sl 51,13 (in national prayer), compare Neh 9,20; Sl 143,10 prophets of restoration conceive of the divine spirit as standing in their midst and about to fulfil all divine promises: רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֺכֲכֶם Hag 2,5; Zak 4,6 this conception culminates in רוּחַ = divine Presence, and as such omnipresent, Sl 139,7 (|| פָּנֶיךָ; compare vSl 139,8).
Forekomster pr. bog
Alle 683 vers
Versnumrene følger den hebraiske tekst og kan i enkelte bøger (fx Salmerne) afvige med et vers fra de danske.
1. Mosebog
3. Mosebog
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Ordsprogenes Bog
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Kilder: F. Brown, S.R. Driver og C.A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain, i Eliran Wongs udgave (marvel.bible) med tekst fra Tim Morton (Bible Analyzer) og bibelhenvisninger ved Stephen Ku. Forekomster og ordklasser: BHSA (ETCBC). Lemma og translitteration: Strong's hebraiske ordliste.